Harvard Style Guide for References
Richard Heeks
IDPM, University of Manchester, 2006

Glossary
· Citation: the author+date item that appears in your text.
· References: the full details of all items you have cited in your text.
· Bibliography: other items you have used/read but not cited.

General Example

… … Hartman (2004), in her seminal study on urban regeneration, found no evidence to support the role of charitable donations.  However, Okuda (1995:224) concludes that "donations can have some positive impact if the donors are involved throughout the project's history".  The present fieldwork indicated support for the latter viewpoint from the Bamako project (Toure 2000).  … …
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Reference List
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Hartman, P.V. (2005) 'Urban regeneration in the Third World', Regeneration Today, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 23-45.
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Okuda, Z. (1995) Charities, Donors and Projects, Penguin, London.
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Toure, S. (2000) Personal interview with author, Ministry of Irrigation, Bamako, Mali, 14 Nov.
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Citations in Your Text

· Author: …Jameson (1999) first explained that…
· Two authors: …Rasmussen and Phillips (2005) make the point that…
· More than two authors – use et al: …it was found by Rasmussen et al. (1998) that…
· More than one item by same author in same year – use lettering: …  (Jameson 2004a). … (Jameson 2004b)
· Quote – us英语论文网 【http://www.51lunwen.org】e page number wherever possible: … "making information systems harder to develop" (Heeks 2001: 45).
· Multiple citations in a list – use date order: … (Zifcak 2001; Aucoin 2002; Boston et al. 2003).
· Organisational authorship: …for the revised policy document (Dept. of Internal Affairs 1997).
· Web site – cite as for author/organisation rules; do not put just the Web address.
· Secondary references: …Jones (1997 cited in Tomas & Rayus 2003) states…: note include both items in the reference list.
· No author – for newspaper or magazine – use name of newspaper/magazine: … (The Economist 2006).
· No author – use the title of the work … budgetary mechanisms have failed (Beating the budget blues 1999).

Other notes:
- Citations at end of sentences should appear inside the full stop.

 
Reference List

Arrange in alphabetical order of author surname.

Book:
Author/Editor surname, initials. (Year) Book Title, Publisher, Place of publication.
· Hogan, J.F. (2003) Urban Profiling in Developing Countries, Harper, New York.

Two authors (note edition):
First author surname, initials. & Second author surname, initials. Rest as per normal.
· Link, C.J. & MacLean, P. (2001) Rapid Rural Appraisal, 3rd edn, Polity Press, London.

Many authors:
Don't use et al in reference list.
· Sheridan, M.C., Jacobs, C., Thomas, A. & Raward, S. (1998) The G 本文来自：英语论文网 【http://www.51lunwen.org】