优秀英语论文参考:欧盟的对外贸易政策 [6]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2014-09-15编辑:yangcheng点击率:15086
论文字数:4338论文编号:org201409141229336580语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
关键词:欧盟对外贸易政策自由贸易European UnionEconomics Essay
摘要:本文是一篇欧盟的对外贸易政策的相关论文,本文主要论述了内部和外部刺激使得欧洲联盟(EU)的对外贸易政策转向了自由贸易的方向。研究的主要论点是, 在世界贸易组织的多边贸易体制下,欧盟积极主动的作用受到两个因素的影响。
ds), it is the net importer of raw materials, and net exporter of finished goods, at the same time with the share of trade in services such as financial services, tourism, and transport constituting almost one third of its commodities trade (Simon 2005:379-80). Apparently, the Union is a power through trade and therefore has the largest pie from the dynamic global trade liberalization. From the GATT’s Kennedy Round (1964-67), through Tokyo (1973-79), Uruguay (1986-94) to Doha (as of 2001) Rounds, the Union has gained been active and huge experience in international trade negotiations. As a result of these rounds, the EU’s average tariff on industrial imports has now fallen to 4%, one of the lowest in the world, and added to this is the EU’s strategic association with the WTO’s rules-based system which provides a degree of legal certainty and transparency in the conduct of international trade, because the WTO sets rules whereby its members can defend themselves against unfair practices like dumping by which exporters compete against local rivals (Europa website: External Trade). At the same time, the EU has established its well-known GSP system and EBA and these function simultaneously with its bilateral preferential trade agreements with many countries and regions like EEA, Central and Eastern European states, Stabilization and Association Agreements etc. with especially the inter-regional association agreements with ASEAN that first approach the EC in 1971 (Robles in Jürgen et al.2008:98), MERCOSUR, SADC, and ‘’imagined inter-regionalism’’ (Holland in Jürgen et al.2008:254) with Africa, Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP). Since my focus in the paper is on the EU’s global trade strategy, it is worth to indicate the goals of the EU in playing a leading role in trade facilitations. In trade such goals are related with what a country is specialized in, according to the comparative advantages theory. As Pigott & Cook (1993, p.44) say, ’’ a country should specialize in and export the goods which intensively use the factor of production that it has in abundance’’. In other words, ‘’having a relative comparative advantage in a given sector means that the country concerned has a better export over import ratio in this sector than for the rest of its economic sectors’’ (Global Europe 2008, Europe in Global Economy: European Specialization, p.6). And the EU is specialized in the manufacturing sector because it has the abundant factor of capital and high-skilled labor. I would argue that discussing empirical indictors of this situation is very important. Empirical data from the DG Trade’s ‘’Global Europe: EU performance in global economy’’: for example, with export levels in the non-electrical machinery, motor vehicles, plastic products, pharmaceutical products, paper and paper articles sectors all being about twice as high as import levels (p.9): with 18.5% of the world market for high-tech products, the EU has become the principal exporter ahead of the US and Japan (p.16). Not only in the sphere of industrial goods but also services: only in 2007 the value of services exported outside the EU was equivalent to approximately 40% of the value of goods exports (p.21). Added to this is the fact that the EU is the world’s biggest investor: EU stocks of outward investments amount to $2,200bn (33% of world stocks), against $1,400bn for the US (22%). Under these conditions, multilateral trade liberalization gives huge benefits to the EU and thus it ther
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