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r change in society. These changes are:

Change in method of production with an aim to reduce environmental change.

Change in labour-management relationship.

Changes are also visible outside the firm as development in infrastructure in local community or development in philanthropic community.

But even so the fact is still remains controversial whether firms that have any social responsibility beyond making wealth function (Friedman, 1962).

With the passage of time, pressure is increasing on the firms to expand their CSR activities (Logsdon & Wood, 2002, p. 155-188). As firms are operative in different nations that follow different laws and orders and have different social structure, hence, the degree and nature of pressure for CSR differ from nation to nation (Matten, D., & Crane, A, 2005, p. 166-180).

CSR and social changes

It is witnessed that social changes and CSR are inter-related. Many a times it has been found that society shows reactive changes in responding to CSR whereas at other times society has shown proactive changes (Hart, S., & Milstein, M, 2003, p. 56-69). Taking the importance of CSR into consideration, more than half of Fortune Global 500 Multinational Companies (MNC) separately releases their annual CSR report (Williams, 2004, p. 457-502). Chiquita Company is one such example which is seriously engaged in CSR for bringing positive social changes. They have introduced living wage standards for all their employees in different nations where they are operating. Chiquita Company has also introduced state of art environment practices in their supply chain (Taylor & Scharlin, 2004.). Such a move by Chiquita was replicated by many other companies starting from pharmaceutical to automobile and to other industries (Global Compact. 2005).

CSR has a fluid concept and is an integrated element of the firm's strategy. The success of the firm's CSR reflects by how well the firm incorporates the stakeholders' concerns during implementation of its business model. CSR goes on changing with time. At present, Ethics and corporate governance are the topics that are attracting researchers and students as important component of CSR. Archie Carroll University of Georgia was the first one that made distinction between different kind of organisational responsibilities and proposed a pyramid of CSR:

Discretionary responsibility

Ethical responsibility

Legal responsibility

Economical responsibility

This model represents that the primary responsibility of a firm is to earn profit for its shareholders who are the owners of the firm. Secondly, the firm is to operate within the legal framework of a nation and hence, their actions should not violate the legal framework. Thirdly, as the stakeholders have interest in the working of a firm; the firm should take into consideration its stakeholders' interest and also the environment in which it operates. The final and the last stage is discretionary responsibility which is more proactive in nature and have an aim to benefit the stakeholders and the society (Werther & Chandler, 2005, p. 9).

Literature Review

There are few theories related to CSR which can be d本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。