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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:课程作业 Coursework登出时间:2012-10-30编辑:anne点击率:2789
论文字数:1446论文编号:org201210291455576888语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:$ 33
关键词:Urban Povertyurban phenomenonurban economics
摘要:本文从历史上看,贫困人口主要集中在农村地区,而日益增加的迁移到城市,它正在成为一个显着的城市现象。
1. Introduction
Historically, poverty has been concentrated in rural areas while with the increasing migration into cities, it is becoming a notable urban phenomenon. To provide necessary solutions to urban poverty, a thorough understanding of it is very essential. However, about the definition of urban poverty, there is no absolute explanation to it, but the interpretations of economy and anthropology are the most prevalent approaches to complement (Masika, Haan & Baden, 1997). As for economic definitions, are measured by income or consumption added to other social indicators, including life expectancy,Economics infant mortality, expenses on food and nutrition, literacy, enrolment rates of school, the proportion of healthy clinics and drinking water to range poor groups based on a common material index. The interpretations made by rural anthropologists and social planners widen the definition of urban poverty which covers conceptions of non-material, deprivation and social reflection (Wratten 1995; Satterthwaite 1995a). In this report, I will present the general problems of urban poverty first and then provides necessary solutions to urban poverty in following passages.
要提供必要的解决方案,以城市贫困,彻底了解它是非常重要的。然而,城市贫困的定义,是没有绝对的解释,但经济和人类学的解释是最普遍的方法,以配合(马西卡,阿里汉和巴登,1997年)。至于对经济的定义,衡量收入或消费的其他社会指标,包括预期寿命,经济婴儿死亡率,费用上的食物和营养,识字率,入学率,学校,健康诊所和饮用水的比例范围为贫困群体基于一个共同的材料折射率。
2. Problems Faced by Urban Poverty
An View of Problems of Urban Poverty
3. Solutions to Urban Poverty
Immigration and Settlement
4. Conclusion
References
Frances Lankin, President and CEO, Two Solutions for Urban Poverty, United Way of Greater Toronto. Available online at:
Masika, R., de Haan, A. & Baden, S. (1997) Urbanization and urban poverty: a gender analysis. BRIDGE, Report No 54. Available online at:
Perlman, J., Hopkins, E. & Jonsson, A. (1998) Urban solutions at the poverty/environment intersection. Available online at: Practical Action (2008) Urban Poverty. Available online at:
Satterthwaite, D., 1995a, ‘The under-estimation and misrepresentation of urban poverty’ in IIED, 1995, ‘Urban poverty: Characteristics, causes and consequences’ in Environment and urbanization, Vol 7 No 1
World Resources 1996-97, p. 12, The World Resource Institute et al., New York, 1996.
Wratten, E., 1995, ‘Conceptualising urban poverty’, in IIED, 1995, ‘Urban poverty: characteristics, causes and consequences’, Environment and Urbanization, Vol 7 No 1
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