英语论文网

我们生活在这样一个世界里，经济和经济挑战已经改变了我们的观点，我们的日常生活，甚至我们的思维方式。今天，任何国家或个人的政策，计划或项目的中心点，仅专注于经济的繁荣，发展和壮大。经济扩张/开发/发展是和人民的福祉成正比的。工业，特别是制造业，使生活舒适和豪华的同时也帮助了国家和个人的经济增长。工业提供就业岗位，产生的收入来纳税，并最终有利于国家和个人所得税。

世界上所有企业/行业的97％落在该中小企业类别，俗称中小企业（术语微型中小企业，也可用于在非洲）。这些中小企业在全球GDP中的贡献是非常显著的（图1）。（TBL，2011）

在巴基斯坦，每10家企业有9家是中小企业，这巨大的比例显示中小企业在国家（SMEDA，2010）的经济发展的重要性。总之，中小企业占巴基斯坦的国内生产总值的30％左右，投资的15％，和80％的就业（SMEDA，2010）。

Economy And Economic Challenges Have Changed

We are living in a world where economy and economic challenges have changed our view points, our daily lives, even the way we think. Today the centre point of any national or individual policy, plan, or project, only focuses on economic prosperity, development and growth. The expansion/development/progress in economy is directly proportional to the welfare of the people. Industries, especially manufacturing sector not only making life comfortable and luxurious but also helping the nations and individuals to grow economically. Industry provides jobs, generates revenues, pays taxes and ultimately contributes in national and individual income.

World over 97% of all businesses/industries falls in the category Small & Medium Enterprises, commonly known as SMEs (the term Micro Small & Medium Enterprises, also used in Africa). The contribution of these SMEs in the world GDP is very significant (figure 1). (TBL, 2011)

In Pakistan 9 out of every 10 enterprises are SMEs, this huge proportion shows the importance of SMEs in the economic development of the country (SMEDA, 2010). In short, SMEs account for about 30% of Pakistan’s GDP, 15% of investment, and 80% of employment (SMEDA, 2010). According to UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) they also play a prominent role as existing or potential producers of export goods. It is justifiable to say that SMEs are the most important factor of economic development in Pakistan.

Individual SMEs usually faces so many constraints such as economies of scale, consulting services and remain unable to keep the full advantages of market opportunities. Their small size and isolation put them away from the innovation because it needs more finance and specialized skills. Evidence from developing and developed countries shows that cooperative relations and joint action are more likely when enterprises operate in proximity and share business interests such as markets for products, infrastructure needs or challenging external competition. Within such clusters, enterprises’ joint initiatives are stronger, because of the critical mass of interested parties, more cost-effective due to shared fixed costs and easier to coordinate, with proximity fostering mutual knowledge and trust (UNIDO, 2001).

The geographical concentration of businesses which are producing/selling a group of complementary or related products and face common challenges and opportunities, are called “Clusters”. In Pakistan, many clusters have been emerged in industrial as well as agriculture sector, such as wood work in Chinyot, Punjab, Fan producing in Gujarat, rice processing in Larkana, and Banana Farms in Dadu, Sindh. A very new and emerging industrial cluster is Motorcycle Manufacturing and its allied industries in Hyderabad, Sindh.

This cluster is very significant in many ways, be