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英国的银行结构和银行管理制度

英国的银行体系分成了“被限制的统一概念”的内容，因为银行不愿存在商业问题。它是由：商业银行组成的“大爆炸”英国银行。HSBC(香港和上海银行股份公司)，苏格兰皇家银行集团，HBOS(苏格兰的Halifax银行)和Barclays银行，以及在2005年一级资本的范围从350亿美元（HSBC）到190亿美元（Barclays），集团一共拥有差不多6个，其他的主要银行包括Lloyds-TSB(25亿美元)，修道院国家，租用标准和联盟和Leicester（25亿美元）。这最大的四个银行，和一些其他的银行，从事零售，批发和投资银行业务，一些有保险子公司。在世纪之交中，许多传统英国商人也开始被一些国外焦点所收购，一开始是由于1988年发生在德国摩根Grenfell银行的购买行为的发生，Kleinwort Benson被Dresdner银行收购，然后是Warburgs被瑞士联合银行收购，被ING银行收购的Barings在1995年开始衰落，最后关闭。

建筑协会法案出台后，紧接着一些建筑协会改变成为了银行。

1986年。有效的的1987年1月。法案允许英国建筑协会改变成为银行有限公司的地位，会被英国银行监管5年，以防止恶意收购。

Part 1

Bank structure and Regulation in the uk.

The uk's banking system falls into the “restricted universal” category because banks are discouraged from owning commercial concerns. It is made up of: commercial banks consisting of the “big bang” uk banks, HSBC (Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation), the Royal Bank of Scotland group, HBOS (Halifax Bank of Scotland) and Barclays, with tier 1 capital in 2005 ranging from $35 billion (HSBC) to $19 billion (Barclays) and the group together with about a dozen or so other major banks including Lloyds-TSB ($ 2.5 billion), abbey national, standard chartered and Alliance and Leicester ($ 2.5 billion). The big four, and some of the other banks, engage in retail, wholesale and investment banking, and some have insurance subsidiaries. By the turn of the century, many of the traditional English merchant had been bought by foreign concerns, beginning with Deutsche's purchase of Morgan Grenfell bank in 1988. Kleinwort Benson was bought by Dresdner, and the Warburgs by the union bank of Switzerland. Barings having collapsed in 1995 was bought by ING, but Later closed.

Some building societies converted to banks following the building societies Act,

1986. Effective January 1987, the Act allowed building societies to convert to bank plc status, to be supervised by bank of England and protected from hostile takeover for five years. Most of the top ten (by the size) building societies in 1986 had, by the new century, given up their mutual status. The early conversions were Abbey National (1989), Bristol and west, Cheltenham and Gloucester (1992; a subsidiary of Lloyds TSB). Building societies that converted between 1995-7 were the Halifax (after a merger with Leeds BS), Alliance & Leicester, Northern Rock and Woolwich (taken over by Barclays in 2000). Birmingham Midshires was purchased by the Halifax in 1999; Bradford & Bingly converted in 2000.

Building societies have a long history in British retail finance. Member of the a society paid subscriptions, and once there was enough funding, a selection procedure determined the member who would receive funds for house purchase or building. In 1945 permanent societies began to form, members kept a share a (deposit) account at a society and could, after period of time, expect to be granted a mortgage. Over time, depositor and mortgages were not necessarily from the same group.

As mutual organisation, every customer (depositor or borrower) has a share in the society, with the right to vote on key managerial change. Each vote carries

the same weight, independent of the size of deposi