摘要:本文是基于经济增长中心理论的一篇英语经济论文,经济增长的重要性对经济学家来说是一个突出并且有趣的话题。经济增长是更大数量和更高质量的资本投入,人力和自然资源以及技术的进步促进生产力的结果。
经济增长中心理论
经济增长的重要性对经济学家来说是一个突出并且有趣的话题。经济增长是更大数量和更高质量的资本投入,人力和自然资源以及技术的进步促进生产力的结果。
第十八和十九世纪的古典经济学家如亚当?斯密(Adam Smith)(1776),大卫里卡多(1817)和托马斯?马尔萨斯(1798)最早将经济增长理论化。事实上,亚当?斯密1779年的“国富论”一书是经济发展理论的一个比较合适的起点。他强调了技术进步、制度和社会因素在一个国家经济增长过程中的资本积累的关键作用。
马尔萨斯认为收益递减是对农业的经济增长最重要的约束因素。里卡多继续了史密斯和马尔萨斯的工作,他遵循了史密斯的市场将会做好农业和工业之间的平衡的假设,并跟从了马尔萨斯对农业收益递减的假设。从他的分析中里卡多得出的结论是,为了最大限度地增长,应该施行自由贸易,最低税收并且加强对农业和工业创新的激励。
The main growth theory
The importance of economic growth has been a prominent and interesting topic for economists. Economic growth is a result of greater quantity and better quality of capital, human and natural resources and technological advance that promote productivity.
Eighteenth and nineteenth century classical economists such as Adam Smith (1776), David Ricardo (1817), and Thomas Malthus (1798), were among the first theorize economic growth. In fact, it is mention that Adam Smith’ book “the Wealth of Nations” in 1779 was the suitable starting points for economic growth. He emphasized on the crucial role of technological progress, institutional and social factors beside capital accumulation in the economic growth process of a country.
Malthus identified diminishing returns to agriculture as the most important constraint on growth. Continuing the work of smith and Malthus, Ricardo follow smith in assuming markets would take care of the balance between agriculture and industry, and followed Malthus in assuming diminishing returns in agriculture. From his analysis, Ricardo concluded that in order to maximize growth, there should be free trade, minimal
taxation and increased incentive in agriculture and industrial innovations. The rate of growth according to Ricardo could be raised by reinvesting the surplus of agriculture and manufacturing and these surpluses in turn could be raised through free trade or raising the efficiency of workers.(Abuhasan 1996)
The classical theory of economic growth has become virtually obsolete as it has been found that growth does not depend on the surplus of the productive sector over the unproductive one. This is duo to the fact that there is higher growth in capital than in population and this made the reliance on profits of investable surplus less important. (Barro and Sala-i-Martin 2004)
The concepts, that classical economists used, are extremely appeared in modern theories of growth. These concepts contains the role of diminishing returns and its relation to the accumulation of physical and human capital, the interplay between per capita income and the growth rate of population, the effects of technological progress in the forms of increased specialization of labor and discoveries of new goods and methods of production and the role of monopoly power as an incentive for technological advance.(Barro and Sala-i-Martin 2004)
Frank Ramsey (1928), Allyn Young (1928), Frank Knight (1944) and Joseph Schumpeter (1934) extended the work of these classical economists .The starting point of modern growth theory was the article of Ramsey (1928). He used inter-temporal separable utility function in household optimization for modeling economic growth. Today this function is widely used as Cobb-Douglas production function.
Harrod (1939) and Domar (1946) tried to analyze economic growth based on Keynesian model. They argue
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