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nnected with Video Corporation of America. During this period there were also a big diffusion of shop in which where possible to rent a movie, most of which adopted VHS format. With the expansion of the network of rental shop, the number of movie rentals start to increase exponentially. In this second phase there weren't lot of difference between two formats: they were similar in price, features and performance. Nonetheless Like in the paper from Sangin Park (2004), in this period there were a dramatic movement from Betamax adoptions to Vhs like it can be seen in the Figure 2.

Figure 2: Relative sales and relative installed bases of Betamax and VHS, source from Park (2004) Figure 1.

Like in the figure many firms of Vhs entry in the market and many producer of Betamax close and exit (for example Zenith, Emerson, Sanyo e Toshima that stop to produce Betamax in 1983-1986). In 1987 Vhs became dominant (87,6% of the market share in 1985 and 90,5% in 1986). Sony was be the last producer to Betamax that close his production and leaves victory to Vhs in 1988.

In this example the main cause of lock-in is the high presences of increasing returns perceived by consumers. They give more importance to time of recording than quality of the product.

Qwerty

The story of keyboards, taken from the paper of David (1985), starts more than a century ago when Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule invented the typewriter (October 1867). This model of typewriter had some problem and many defects, instead this was designed with the specific aim of not allow fastest typing because an excessive speed of beating could block the hammers plate. In 1873 Qwerty's model evolves with Remington's mechanism, in which was changed the disposal of some letters ( for example the 'R'). They tried to arrange the letters in a better way designed specifically for the salesman, but this new machine, born during the economic downturn in 1870, had a precarious destiny and touches the edge of bankruptcy. In 1881 there was a revival: the production of qwerty by Remington had a big diffusion between typists which they used it in some typing schools, and doing so they contributed a lot on its diffusion. Next many other firms adopted the qwerty typewriter and soon the diffusion became global. During the last fifty years someone tried to change the disposition of the keys, but this innovation wasn't use by none and today we still use the qwerty even though there is no longer the problem of overlapping hammers This is the Qwerty Phenomenon where the winning system isn't the best one. Usually in this cases the first product available with a new technology takes most of the market and tends to dominate. This is use by Stephen Jay Gould in his theory where not always adoption of a product implies a future better adaptation to the environment, this can be caused by casual events that modify circumstances. This case is a good example of lock-in caused by dynamics that go beyond the behaviors of individuals and show that when a new technology is introduced and spread so largely and quickly, like Qwerty, is quite impossible to come back to the old one. The only solution it's anticipate the choice when the alternative are still on the same level.

We can find the influences of path dependences when the qwerty keyboard was adopted in typing school and in consequence was developed the network and was given the bases