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logy (Matsumura and Kanda, 2005). Oligopoly makes it is hard for competitors to enter into industry and this makes enterprise has no pressure, without power, and cannot stimulate vitality. Enterprise could not to consider reduce cost and price and make technology innovation or improve operating management. Those hinder the development of overall economy and the advancement of technology. However, some economists represented by Joseph Alois Schumpeter, according to the fact that oligopoly organization plays a more and more important role in economic life, point out the viewpoint of monopoly leading low efficiency of resource allocation totally based on the precondition of perfect competition which is short of reality (Liski and Montero, 2006). Thus, the validity of the viewpoint greatly reduces. Harold Demsetz (1993), who is the industrial economics professional in University of Chicago, points out high efficient enterprise could occupy large market share and good performance of excellent enterprise comes from efficiency not market monopoly as the improvement of industrial concentration. In the other words, market structure of oligopoly actually is efficient. 

In fact, the existence of monopoly does not wipe out competition even monopoly is opposite of competition. Oligopoly only changes competitive method not competition (Liski and Montero, 2006). For example, GM, Ford, and Chrysler, which is the three major manufacturer in American automobile market, have intensive competition even American automobile market always presents oligopoly pattern. From the viewpoint of international market or national market, oligopoly intensifies competition. For example, Kodak of America almost monopolizes the film manufacturer industry of America. However, as the development of economic globalization, Kodak faces the challenge of foreign manufacturer such as Fuji Photo film of Japan. If one country opens commodity market abundantly, the industry will reach high competition and the further opening of industrial investment market, the competition will be higher (Bushnell, 2007). In current international market, intensive competition is enough to make oligopoly enterprise to try to make research and development, improve efficiency, and reduce product price. In addition, if it is said that oligopolistic enterprises will not pursue high efficiency initiatively in the environment, which is lacking of competition, to lead actual efficiency often has huge gap with the greatest possible efficiency and high efficiency only the possibility that oligopolistic enterprise’s natural strength, oligopolistic enterprise is not really monopolistic market. This point makes oligopolistic enterprise have to pursue high efficient to make its high efficiency has reality. Thus, oligopoly does not break and reduce effective market competition or hinder the development of economy and technology like the viewpoint of mainstream economics.
In addition, oligopoly could promote technology advancement and innovation. Oligopolistic enterprises could put large investment on research and development as strong financial resources to push out new product constantly. The research and development of new product often needs large scale researchers to use a large number of instrument and equipment and capital, oligopoly enterprise with strong financial resources could play an important role. 

4.0 Conclusion 总结

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