英语论文网

在最近的几十年里，贸易谈判强调了国际货物贸易的措施。关税就是俗称的贸易流动障碍，20世纪70年代初，关税是保护主义的原则模式。但随着连续几轮关贸总协定谈判，在发达国家工业制成品的平均关税水平有一个大的下降。关税显得无关紧要，这些国家采取保护管理措施，这被称为非关税措施（NTM）的一种形式-仅举几例，如数量限制，关税配额，自愿出口限制，有序销售安排，出口补贴，出口信贷补贴，政府采购，进口牌，反倾销/反补贴关税，技术性贸易壁垒等。70年代和80年代的非关税措施，从纺织品和服装到钢铁，汽车，鞋等，问题是巨大的。1986年，工业国家16％的人受到“硬核”非关税措施限制：配额非自动许可和可变征税。

Trade negotiations and quantitive restrictions

In recent decades, trade negotiations have addresses measures that restrict or distort international trade in goods. Tariffs are the more commonly known obstacle to trade flows. Till the beginning of 1970s, tariffs (custom duties) were the principle mode of protectionism. But with the successive rounds of GATT negotiations, there was a large drop in the average tariff levels of manufactured goods in the developed country markets. When tariffs paled into insignificance, these countries resorted to a form of administered protection known as Non-Tariff Measures (NTM) - Quantitative restrictions, tariff quota, voluntary export restraints, orderly Marketing arrangements, export subsidy, export credit subsidy, government procurement, import licensing, antidumping/countervailing duties, technical barriers to trade, to name a few. In the 70s and 80s NTMs spread from textiles and clothing to steel, cars, shoes, etc. Although measurement problems are formidable, it is estimated that in 1986, 16 percent of imports of industrial countries were subject to “hard core” NTMs: Quotas, non-automatic licensing and variable levies.

In the Uruguay Round, the approach for dealing with NTMs was to bring existing barriers into the realm of multilateral negotiations, strengthen rules governing their use, develop surveillance mechanisms to enforce compliance, and offer improved dispute settlement procedures – the aim was to minimize trade distorting and trade restricting effect of NTMs. Some notable success was also achieved in reaching substantive agreements limiting, clarifying or discipling the system that members may use – Article III.8.b allowing subsidies to domestic producers; Article III.9 allowing members to have internal price control measures; Article VI on Anti-dumping and countervailing duties; Article VII on methods of customs valuation; the Agreement on Agriculture converting all quantitative restrictions into tariffs; the TBT Agreement defining the rights and obligations of members with respect to development and application of technical regulations and the ways in which products are to be assessed to determine whether they meet the specified technical standards; and similarly, the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) with respect to human, animal and plant life. Nevertheless, most would concede that many of the rules fall short of effectively controlling the use of NTMs. More frequently than not, there are instances of flagrant violation of these rules or are applied unreasonably. Some of these such as anti本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。