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5–2921
DOI 10.1007/s00216-008-2208-4
R.-S. Zhao (*) : C.-P. Diao : X. Wang : T. Jiang : J.-P. Yuan
Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated
Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province,
Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences,
Jinan 250014, China
e-mail: zhaors1976@126.com
organic solvent and the aqueous sample solution. Recently,
dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) was
developed as a fast, simple, and inexpensive solventminimized
liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) technique by
Assadi and his co-workers [8, 9]. This technique has
advantages such as rapidity, high enrichment factor,
simplicity of operation, and low cost. The whole process
is as follows [9]. A cloudy solution is formed when an
appropriate mixture of extraction and disperser solvents is
injected into an aqueous sample containing the analytes of
interest The hydrophobic solutes are then enriched in the
extraction solvent which is dispersed into the bulk aqueous
solution. After centrifugation, determination of the analytes
in the settled phase can be performed by conventional
analytical techniques.
As a novel and green microextraction technique,
DLLME has been successfully used for the determination
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphorus
pesticides (OPPs), chlorobenzenes, trihalomethanes
(THMs), organophosphorus flame retardants, and chlorophenols
[8–12], and favorable results were obtained.
However, whether DLLME has excellent enrichment
efficiency for our target compounds is unknown, and to
our knowledge no research on this subject has been
published. Therefore, the goal of this study was to
investigate the feasibility of DLLME for determination of
the amide herbicides metoalchlor, acetochlor, and butachlor
in environmental samples. The analytes were determined by
gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Factors that maybe
influence the enrichment efficiency, such as type and
volume of extraction solvent, type and volume of dispersive
solvent, extraction time and content of NaCl, were investigated
and optimized in detail. Finally, the developed method
was used to investigate the levels of amide herbicides in
several real environmental water samples.
Experimental

 

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