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ntified yet. In the literature, various theories have been discussed. They are based mainly on the phenomenon of liquid overheating[3,4] . They suggest that during the sudden depressurization, the liquid is momentarily in a superheated state and in some instances this may lead to homogeneous nucleation throughout the bulk of the liquid. This would cause the phase change from liquid to vapor to occur at an extremely high rate, thus creating what is called a superheated liquid/vapor explosion. Reid [5] has reported on this hypothesis and has linked the strength of the explosion immediately following a tank failure to the degree of superheat at the time the tank failed.

The liquid under a given pressure does not start boiling when reaching the boiling point. A bubble nucleation delay leads to the liquid overheating. The vapor bubbles are formed in active places, the so-called nuclei. These places are mainly in the layers close to stable elements, or they can be pollutants, crystals or ions. If the phenomenon of nucleation does not occur, the liquid temperature still grows until reaching the boundary overheating temperature. This is an unsteady state and a single active place is sufficient to cause explosive boiling. In an overheated state, the nuclei are usually fine bubbles.

References
[1] W.E. Martinsen, LPG Land Transportation and Storage Safety, Final Report for the US Department of Energy,
Oklahoma, 1981.
[2] A.M. Birk, M.H. Cunningham, A medium scale experimental study of the boiling liquid expanding vapour xplosion (BLEVE), Transport Canada Report, TP 11995E, March 1994.
[3] B.J. Wiekema, Vapour cloud explosions—an analysis based on accidents, J. Hazard. Mater. 8 (1984) 295–329.
[4] W.E. Martinsen, BLEVE’s causes, effects, and prevention, in: Proceedings of the 1983 Fall Meeting American Petroleum Institute, Committee on Safety and Fire Protection.
[5] R.C. Reid, Possible Mechanism for Pressurized Liquid Tank Explosions or BLEVE’s, Vol. 203, Science, March 1979, pp. 1263–1265.
[6] J.E.S. Venart, Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVE): possible failure mechanisms, ASTM STP 1336, in: N.R. Keltner, et al. (Eds.), Very Large-Scale Fires, 1998, pp. 112–132.
[7] I. Dubnov, et al., Promyshlennyje vzryvchatyje veshchestva, Nedra, 1988.
[8] D. Bjerketvedt, J.R. Bakke, K. van Wingerden, Gas Explosion Handbook, Christian Michelsen Research’s, Gas Safety Programme, 1992.
[9] A.F. Roberts, The effects of conditions prior to loss of containment on fireball behavior, assessment of major
hazards, IChE Symposium Series No. 71, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982.

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