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Introduction
1.1 rational and motivation
1.2 research questions
1.3 aim and objectives
1.4 research methods (optional; you can include it in as a different chapter)
1.5 audience, scope and limitation of this research
1.6 structure of the dissertation
1.7 chapter summary

Introduction:

Literature review:
1. Lean philosophy学习历史

1.1 Lean production

丰田生产体系是一个综合性的社会技术体系，既涉及管理学理论，又涉及实践。在丰田汽车公司（Rachna Shah等，2007）的实验和倡议中持续了三十年。丰田生产系统于1984年通过丰田汽车公司和通用汽车公司的合资企业在美国正式推出。精益生产从通常被称为丰田生产系统（同上）的替代品。随着这种管理理念的延伸，专家和管理者已经放弃了由固有的多功能性和复杂性而引起的精益生产的早期误解。因此，精益生产已经通过学术和商业出版物（Rachna Shah et al。，2007）得到了公众的认可，并成为美国制造业的重要组成部分（Wood et al。，2004）。它很快引起了全球范围的广泛关注，特别是在西方国家。 Rinehart（1997）曾经说过：“精益生产将成为21世纪的标准制造模式”。Toyota Production System is a comprehensive social and technical systeminvolving both theory and practice in management science. Itoriginated in the experiments and initiatives lasted three decades at Toyota Motor Company (Rachna Shah et al., 2007).Toyota production system was formally launched on The United State via the joint venture between Toyota Motor Company and General Motors in 1984.Lean productionstemmed from and is commonly known as a substitution for Toyota Production System (ibid). Followed by the extension of this management philosophy, experts and managers have abandoned the early misconceptions of lean production which was caused by its inherent versatility and complication. As a result, lean productionhas been properly recognized by the public through academic and business publications (Rachna Shah et al., 2007) and turnedinto an essential part of the manufacturing industry in the United States (Wood et al., 2004). It has soon aroused the wide-spread attention in the global scope, especially in western countries. Rinehart (1997) once said “Lean production will bethe standard manufacturing mode of the 21st century”.

回顾现有文献，科学家和研究人员建立了许多精益生产的定义或概念.20世纪后期，像Shingo（1989）这样的科学家将精益生产视为与传统制造方法相反的反直觉方法。其他一些人则指出精益生产与制造绩效相关的关键原则：车间间物料和信息的连续流动;突出客户吸引力而不是组织推动的有效性;不断优化和整合人力资源（Womack and Jones，1996 in Michael，2000）。 Hopp和Spearman（2004）认为精益生产是通过集成系统来降低货物或服务的缓冲成本。Reviewing the existing literature, a number of definitions or conceptions of lean production were established by scientists and researchers.In the late 20th century, some scientists like Shingo (1989) regarded lean production as a counter-intuitive approachcompared to the traditional manufacturing methods. Some others pinpoint key principles of lean production associated with manufacturing performance: continuous flow of materials and information among workshop; highlighting the effectiveness of customer puff rather than organization push; constant optimization and Integration of human resource (Womack and Jones,1996 in Michael, 2000). Hopp and Spearman (2004) thought lean production is to minimizing the buffering costwhiledelivering goods or services through its integrated system. Schonberg (2002) has defined the term “World Class Manufacture”, namely lean manufacturing or lean production. It embraces the idea of having the right products with high quality at the right time sold at proper price.According to Rachna Shah (2007), by means of simultaneously reducing or minimizing the variability of the upstream resource (supplier), the downstream resource (customer) and the internal resource, lean production is able to achieve the purpose of eliminating the waste.