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摘要

本文将寻求罗伯特•米歇尔斯书政党和民主和革命党领袖的至高无上的权力，必须考虑在每一个历史现状和未来的含义。群众永远只是现代民主抽象的统治。本文的第一部分将寻求罗伯特•米歇尔斯和他的寡头政治，他们是什么，还将讨论有关莫斯卡，帕累托和熊彼特精英理论。
论文的第二部分将会讨论为什么群众永远不会统治，为什么执政党不是民主党，及其对民主的影响。最后，我将得出结论，并说明其对现代民主的意义是什么以及如何解决。
本文将解释罗伯特•米歇尔的寡头政治和关于米歇尔的精英理论。将解释和说明群众永远不会统治除了抽象派的意义。可以说，这指的是不可回避的事实，人们不能排除，除了抽象的方法，比如：公投，投票和所有其他直接的民主形式。

This paper will be looking at Robert Michels book on political parties and determining the implications of ‘The supremacy of leaders from both democratic and revolutionary parties has to be taken into account in every historic situation present and to come… The mass will never rule except in abstracto’ on modern democracy. The first part of the paper will be looking at Robert Michels and his studies on Oligarchies and what they are, it will also discuss elite theory in relation to Mosca, Pareto and Schumpter.

The second part of the essay will look at why the mass will never rule except in abstracto and reasons why the parties in power are undemocratic and its effect on democracy. Lastly I will conclude and state what implications it has on modern democracy and how it can be resolved.

This essay will explain Robert Michel’s theory on oligarchies and elite theory in relation to Michel’s. It will explain and interpret the meaning of 'The mass will never rule except in abstracto.' Arguably, this refers to the inescapable fact that people cannot rule, except in abstract methods like: referendums, polls and all other forms of direct democracy.

This essay will also address the question: 'does the democratic ideal actually represent the masses?' It will then proceed into a discussion about whether a one or two party system exists in both the UK and US and challenge whether the electoral system is representative of the people. Falling voter turnouts implies apathy towards the political system. This presents us with the question, is our system democratic or is the democratic ideal a utopian dream?

Democracy and Politics have always had a rather paradoxical element surrounding them. The meaning behind democracy has lain in the eyes of the beholder for centuries the potential for interpretation in multifarious. The question ‘What is democracy?’ is age old and it can never be defined in a way in which everyone will accept. Democracy is often defined as “government of the people, by the people, for the people”.

This essay will attempt to unravel the meaning behind Robert Michel’s’ comment that “The supremacy of the leaders in the democratic and revolutionary parties has to be taken into account in every historic situation present and to come…The mass will never rule except in abstracto.” A number of issues are raised with this statement and it does indeed have a number of implications for modern democracy.

I will first talk about what democracy is and the idea behind the democratic ideal and introduce Robert Michel’s, I will then go on to discuss what “The mass will never rule except in abstracto” implies to the democratic ideal, furthermore I will discuss the meaning behind the idea of ‘supreme leaders’ and how this links in with oligarchies and elite 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。