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韩国电子产业
The Electronics Industry Of South Korea

1989年韩国主要生产电子产品，生产彩色电视机、录像机、微波炉、收音机、手表、个人电脑和录像带。在1988年，电子工业产生了价值230亿美元的商品（从1987增长到35%），成为世界第六大制造商。零部件的总价值（包括半导体）生产在1988年共计97亿美元，首次超过了消费电子产品的生产（92亿美元）。工业电子制造也显著增长，达46亿美元（占总产量的20%）。电子产品出口迅速增长，在20世纪80年代末至150亿美元以上，同比增长40%，从1987年首尔成为领先的出口行业。虽然韩国电子产品相对于日本产品的具有价格竞争力，电子行业仍然是严重依赖于日本的组件，日本是韩国的长期贸易赤字重要因素。一些韩国公司与外国公司建立合资企业，以获得先进的技术。在20世纪80年代末，韩国领先的电子公司（现代和三星）开始在这样的市场上建立海外工厂，如德国联邦共和国（西德），英国，土耳其和爱尔兰。

In 1989 South Korea was a major producer of electronics, producing colour televisions, videocassette recorders, microwave ovens, radios, watches, personal computers, and videotapes. In 1988 the electronics industry produced US$23 billion worth of goods (up 35 percent from 1987), to become the world's sixth largest manufacturer. The total value of parts and components (including semiconductors) produced in 1988 totalled US$9.7 billion, overtaking consumer electronics production (US$9.2 billion) for the first time. Manufacture of industrial electronics also grew significantly in 1988 and totalled US$4.6 billion (20 percent of total production). Electronics exports grew rapidly in the late 1980s to more than US$15 billion in 1988, up 40 percent from 1987--to become Seoul's leading export industry. Although South Korean electronic goods enjoyed substantial price competitiveness over Japanese products, the electronics industry continued to be heavily dependent on Japanese components, an important factor in South Korea's chronic trade deficit with Japan. Some South Korean firms formed joint ventures with foreign concerns to acquire advanced technology. In the late 1980s, South Korea's leading electronics firms (Samsung, Lucky-Gold star, and Hyundai) began establishing overseas plants in such markets as the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), Britain, Turkey, and Ireland.

By 1990 significant shifts were occurring within the electronics industry. In 1989 South Korea had lost some of its cost advantage to newer consumer electronics producers in Southeast Asia. At the same time, production of electronic components and of industrial electronics, particularly computers and telecommunications equipment, continued to expand to such an extent that overall demand for South Korean electronics products was expected to increase modestly in the early 1990s. In 1990 Seoul projected that the microelectronics industry would grow at an annual rate of 17.2 percent in the early 1990s.

First into the field were three American companies- Motorola, Signetics and Fairchild. That small beginning soon became a flood, with the Japanese leading the way. Today there are 168 Japanese electronics companies operating in Korea through 139 joint ventures and 29 wholly Japanese. The United States comes a poor second with 27, of which 14 are wholly owned. However, the American operations tend to be larger. In addition, there is a Dutch, a West German and three Hong Kong companies.

As an indication of the extent to which foreign capital has poured into Korean electronics the Ministry of Commerce and industry reported earlier this year that of the $724M invested by foreign enterprises in Korean domestic industry up to December 1974 no less than 17% went into the electronics sector.

With a growth rate of nearly 60% annually for the past six years-and the bulk of production going direct to hard currency oversea