were called entrepreneurs. Economists though that only land is the source of the social products, so entrepreneurs should be put in an important position, and though that entrepreneurs had to bear the main features of risk and innovation. These two points were mentioned in definitions from later scholars to define entrepreneurs. Doumergue regarded those entrepreneurs in the manufacturing sector as the person who should take capital risk. In the 19th century, there were many different definitions of entrepreneurs from French economists, no agreed definition; the main concern is to look at their separate economic sectors, for example, economists who were interested in government regarded entrepreneurs as contractors; economists who were interested in farmers regarded entrepreneurs as farmers; economists who were interested in industries regarded entrepreneurs as capitalist to take risks. Thus, the emergence of entrepreneurs was almost nothing to do with the industry; it’s the nature of taking risk and innovation that we have been adopted until present.
(Say, 1800) was the first economist to give a more strict definition of entrepreneurs, he said: ‘entrepreneurs are those who can transfer economic resources from low productivity, low production areas to higher productivity, higher production areas.’ ‘Entrepreneurs’ labor is different from ordinary people's labor, special labor feature of entrepreneurs was ‘they are economic behaviorists to predict demand for particular products and means of production and overcome many difficulties, get together all the production elements,’ and entrepreneurs are regarded as managers, ‘collect all the means of production to create products values……constantly re-establish all the capital, received wages, interest and rent, as well as his own profit.’
Secondly: Marshall's, ‘organizers theory’
Marshall (Marshall, 1890) was first systematically discussed the role of entrepreneurs. He thinks:
First of all, in the general market transactions, since buyers and sellers can not predict the future supply and demand conditions, they commonly find a sense of unreliable, thus at the back of short and facial equilibrium in market participators, breed and exist potential and imbalanced possibilities. Entrepreneurs play special roles in eliminating this imbalance. They come forward to solve the resulting friction and problems in the process of making a variety of factors of production to meet the market needs. Therefore, entrepreneurs are “axis of wheel in industry ', this kind of axis bears the entire load from activities of market structures.
Second, people can not create material things, even in the production of material things, in fact, they only create utility. Entrepreneurs changed shapes and structures of matter through their efforts and sacrifices, so that they are better meet the needs of people, therefore, entrepreneurs are the main body to create utility.
Third, social progress in scientific theory relies on researchers and industrialists, but the actual work should be accomplished by such entrepreneurs: in the way of innovation and exploration, they take risking losses dangers, vigorously promote industrialization, and continue to seek reform. In order to achieve progress in all stages, they constantly consider about interrelated and complex reasons, take bold steps forward after evaluation of its importance. They do so because they themsel
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