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简介

美国和日本是太平洋地区的两大经济强国。每个国家都发展了适合自己文化的管理和领导实践。Gupta，Hanges与Dorfman（2002）发现，美国与澳大利亚，新西兰和英国为一组，聚集在英美文化圈的同时，日本和韩国，中国和台湾也组成一组，在同一个亚洲儒家文化圈。这种观点认为，在同一个集群中的国家与其他集群中的国家相比有更紧密的文化联系。

尽管如此，文化差异是一个重要的方面，但这一点上美国和日本是相似的：这两个国家都信奉资本主义的意识形态。然而，Ralson，Holt 和 Cheng（2008）表明，日本资本主义的想法与他们美国的想法是不相同的。这也是为什么在全球化导致的全盘西化背景下，日本仍能保持其文化的原因之一。

领导阶层是日本与美国至今仍保有不同的领域之一。由于日本和美国长时间的经济和政治关系，可以说，两国必然有一些价值观和信仰上交流。那么问题就来了，两种不同文化中的领导阶层是完全不同还是有相似之处？

本文旨在通过比较和对比的方法，利用Hofstede关于文化的五个维度对比因素来研究以美国为代表的西方领导层和以日本为代表的西方领导层。本文首先对文化及其各维度进行阐释，然后通过对美国和日本各部分进行比较，来对维度进行详细的描述。那之后，在路径目标理论和奖励制度基础上为每个国家提出了一个建议性的领导方式，这个领导方式以五个文化维度为框架。
The concept of Leadership in US and japan

简介-Introduction

United States and Japan are two giant economic powers in the pacific region. Each country has developed their own management and leadership practice that is suitable for their culture. Gupta, Hanges & Dorfman (2002) found that United States is clustered in the same group as Australia, New Zealand and England in the Anglo Culture while Japan is in the same group as Korea, China and Taiwan in the Confucian Asia. The argument is that the nations in the same cluster have more closely related culture than the other cluster.

Despite the cultural differences there is one significant aspect where United States and Japan are similar; both countries embrace the capitalism ideology. However Ralson, Holt, Terpstra & Cheng (2008) suggest that the Japanese interpretation of capitalist idea is not identical to their US counterpart. That is one reason why Japan can still preserve their culture regardless the westernization enforced by globalization.
Leadership is one of the areas where the Japanese is still different compared to United States. Due to long economic and political relation between Japan and United States, it can be argued that there are some exchanges of values and belief. Which raise the question whether the leadership across the different culture is different in its entirety or have similarities?
This essay is aimed to compare and contrast the western approach to leadership represented by United States and the eastern approach to leadership represented by Japan by using Hofstede's five dimension of culture as the factor of comparison. The essay will first explain the culture and its dimensions and then followed by the detailed description of each dimension by comparing both United States and Japan in each section. After that the suggested leadership style based on path-goal theory and rewarding system will be provided for each country on the framework of five culture dimension. Also the issue where leadership transcends the cultural boundaries which is possessed by transformational leaders will be discussed and to be concluded in the end. However it is important to note that the culture dimension of Hofstede is only a general perspective of a country's culture.

文化维度 -Cultural dimension

Luthans and Doh (2009) define culture as a system that is integrated into the society where the accumulated experience of behavior and characteristics of the members is the foundation. Therefore the culture affects legal system, education, economic system, management practice and leadership style and perception. Some culture requires a leader to be democratic, where in other culture an auto