马来西亚留学生写的旅游业留学作业 [7]
论文作者:jessica论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2014-11-04编辑:jessica点击率:18617
论文字数:5607论文编号:org201411032138266051语种:英语 English地区:马来西亚价格:免费论文
关键词:马来西亚Malaysia公共交通public transportation
摘要:马来西亚的公共交通设施,在未来的几年内该国家对于旅游的发展和交通设备又有怎么样的规划和发展呢?
er cent in 2007. They argued that the decline in public transportation usage coincided with the rise in the number of private motor vehicles, given the government’s private-transport-driven policies. In a study of public perceptions towards the public transportation services in Oman, it was found that majority of respondents use their personal cars to get to work and only a few use public transport due to its unpleasant services. Only a few respondents depend greatly on public transportation services, while some do not use public transport at al. (Belwal, 2010). Besides, increasing population size, disposable income, poor management of the public transportation system, aided by various contradictory policy measures such as national car projects and the existence of fuel subsidies are among other reasons for the unabated grown of private vehicles on roads. According to Jayaraman et al. (2011), the increased number of private vehicles on the road in Malaysia testifies to the preference of driving to work or places of leisure for many reasons.
As part of the pro-growth of national car industry and heavy-industrialization
strategy, Malaysia actively promoted its automobile industry. The only two home-grown car manufacturing companies in Malaysia are National Automobile Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Perusahaan Otomobil National Bhd, or commonly known as Proton and Perodua which is stand for Perusahaan Otomobil Kedua Sdn Bhd (Spencer &Madhavan, 1989). Both companies together accounted for more than 90 percent of car sales since 2000 (Mohamad&Kiggundu, 2007). The government has supported both car manufacturing companies through various means, including protectionist policies. Imported vehicles in Malaysia are assigned 140 to 300 percent in excise duties to offer the two local carmakers a price advantage. With attractive pricing and protectionist policies, national cars are affordable to the public and have directly contributed to the increasing numbers of vehicles on the road (Kasipillai & Chan, 2008).
Research has found that the increasing number of private vehicle cause traffic congestion, accidents, air pollution and the need for parking space. According to Mohamad & Kiggundu (2007), excessive private vehicles on major roads in Malaysia have created problems in traffic congestion which further induce accidents, air and noise pollution. Public transportation is very important to overcome this problem as the ridership can help reducing the number of cars on road and settling down congestion, pollution and parking problems.
In Malaysia, citizens favour private vehicle to public transport due to the advantage associates with its usage such as privacy, comfort, unrestricted usage from door to door and ability to reach any destinations which is contrary with public transportation travel which is not reliable and often known as “bad” which also necessitates the sharing of service with other strangers (Jayaraman et al., 2010). Therefore, in order to encourage people to use public bus transportation, proper incentives need to be provided for a successful implementation. For example the attempt of many cities to restrict the use of private cars in favours of public transports (Steg, 2003). Paulley (2006) argued that other than quality, effect of fares, the commuters’ income and the car ownership of the residents are other important factors which can influence the demand for public transportation. Acco
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