known and easily identifiable camera malfunctions and other artifacts of the photographic process'. (Elgee, 2009) If people keep on claiming that every small malfunction is an apparition or paranormal experience, then nobody would believe if a true paranormal experience emerged. It would be the boy who called wolf all over again, except with ghosts, orbs, mists and many other strange paranormals.
According to Irwin, 'the survival hypothesis concerns the notion of postmortem survival, that is, that a disembodied consciousness or some such discarnate element of human personality might survive bodily death at least for a time.' (Irwin, 1999, pg 175) Simply stated, the survival hypothesis is 'the notion that there is some element of human existence that survives death.' (Irwin, 1999, pg 8) For an apparition or spirit to appear, it has to be able to survive outside the body. Due to the fact that apparitions, ghosts as a matter of fact, can be of the living, we can assume that 'survival does not necessarily imply immortality or eternal existence' (Irwin, 1999, pg 175) after death of the body, but more of the soul being able to survive outside the body for a limited time. Therefore, when comprehending an experience in which an apparition is involved, parapsychologists must be able to believe 'that a disembodied consciousness or some such discarnate element of human personality might survive bodily death at least for a time'. (Irwin, 1999, pg 175) Due to implications of an existence after death, the 'survival hypothesis has obvious religious connotations'. (Irwin, 1999, pg 175) Yet, since the topic is being studied from a scientific point of view, these are of no concern. Therefore, when looking at the topic from a scientific point of view, we ask questions. In order to analyze, the first step is to ask questions in order to be able to understand all aspects of the situation. Becker asks, 'is there a nonphysical element of human existence that can separate from the physical body, can survive organic death, can reattach its organization as an integral personality after death, can appear before and haunt the living, [and] can be born again in another body'? (Becker, 1993, pg 9) Yet, it cannot be scientifically proven that there is a life after death since there is no evidence. 'That is a question of faith at this point in time' since 'there is no scientific evidence of the existence of ghosts or an afterlife'. (Elgee, 2009) Therefore, we have to assume accordingly that in case of a life after death, we could thereby presume a ghost to be real. Yet, until then, all suggestions are merely that and nothing else.
A ghost is a type of apparition. According to Irwin, 'an apparition is encountered in a perceptual-like experience and relates to a person or animal that is not physically present, with physical means of communication being ruled out'. (Irwin, 1999, pg 243) Therefore, for it to be an apparition there has to be evidence that the figure is not there and has no possible means of a connection to the witness. Yet, Irwin states that 'it is held to be pointless to speak of 'apparitions' unless we mean this term to refer to the hypothesis of an objective entity.' (Irwin, 1999, pg 243) He goes on to say the 'having defined the term thus, it is up to parapsychologists to ascertain if these hypothesized objective entities actually exist.' (Irwin, 1999, pg 243) Therefore, it is up to parapsychologists to study all rational
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