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financial infrastructure. The objective is to provide value to the end consumer in terms of products and services, and for each channel participant to garner a profit in doing so.” — Shain & Robinson, 2002
 
Figure 1
In Figure 1, in addition to consumers, there are three different organizations, namely the Supplier, the Manufacturer and Retailer. Each of these organizations has a supplier-customer relationship (shown by arrows) with the following link in the chain. In fact, Figure 1 made a supply chain simplifying. The modern supply network is more complex. Firstly, there are more parties act in the supply chain such as suppliers of suppliers, distributors, purchasing, logistics service providers, etc. Secondly, there are three streams— goods, information flow (orders, schedule information etc.) and financial flow along the supply chain. In all three streams, different actors of the supply chain involve (a bank may role in the financial power while playing no role in the information and goods).
1.2  Supply Chain Management
According to the Supply Chain Council (SCC), The Supply Chain Management is “the management of all customer interactions (order entry through paid invoice), all physical material transactions (supplier’s supplier to customer’s customer, including equipment, supplies, spare parts, bulk product, software, etc.) and all market interactions (from the understanding of aggregate demand to the fulfillment of each order).” 
Definition of Supply Chain Management by different authors can be classified into four categories:  integration philosophy, business process, collaboration philosophy and systemic, strategic coordination.
Ellram and Cooper， 1990 “Supply chain management (SCM) is an integrative philosophy to manage the total flow of a distribution channel from the supplier to the ultimate user”
Lambert and Cooper, 2000 “Supply chain management is the integration of key business processes from end user through original suppliers， that provides products, services, and information that add value for customers and other stakeholders”
Fawcett and Magnan,
2001 “Supply chain management is the collaborative effort of multiple channel members to design, implement, and manage seamless value-added processes to meet real needs of the end customer. The development and integration of people and technological resources as well as the coordinated management of materials, information, and financial flows underlie successful supply chain management.”
Mentzer, 2001 “Supply chain management is the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purpose of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole.”
 Table 1. Representative sample of SCM definition

2. Efficiency and Effectiveness of Supply Chain
2.1  Definition of efficiency and effectiveness
Effectiveness and efficiency are terms used to measure and assess the performance of organizations. According to Oxford Dictionary, Efficiency is “the quality of doing something well with no waste of material or money”, when using the resources such as money, labor and energy the least possible in producing, it is efficiency. Effectiveness is “producing the result that is wanted or intended, pro本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。