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美国城市规划中的艺术

论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:职称论文 Scholarship Papers登出时间:2015-02-12编辑:Cinderella点击率:7063

论文字数:2096论文编号:org201502081245375908语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文

关键词:architecturecity planning城市规划

摘要:本文以欧洲城市和美国城市的对比,研究城市空间规划的问题。人口过密的美国城市,要在达到威尼斯一样的空间奇迹同时,实现和曼切斯特一般的工业产出值。

很多中心城区的问题都在于无序增长。建筑师们建造的不仅仅是单个的建筑物,而是更大的城市网络,但是他们却常常不愿意承认这一点。

 

建筑师们越来越痴迷于创造证明自身荣誉和技巧的建筑物,而不是为更大的利好进行合作。和巴黎、威尼斯等欧洲城市的壮丽宏伟相比,美国城市相对逊色,美国上层富有阶级也很清醒的看到了这一点。并且抱着一种自私的心态企图来进行修正。如果不是为了显示他们自己的尊贵,那可能就是出于这样一个事实:很多欧洲城市的生活质量远远超过了人口过多的美国城区。

 

但是美国的城市规划不得不比那些欧洲城市在功能上考虑的更多。举个例子,威尼斯依赖于贸易商和市场来聚集资本,而纽约或者芝加哥则要将其功能建立在制造业的基础上。因此要创造一个真正伟大的城市,城市规划既要实现和威尼斯一样的空间奇迹,还要实现像曼切斯特和伯明翰一样的工业产出。

 

Many of the problems with these urban centres resided in their undisciplined growth. At this time architects refused to consider that they built more than individual buildings, but a much larger urban network.

 

Architects were becoming more obsessed with creating architecture which was a credit to their name and skill for individual glory, rather than co-operating, ‘working in unison’ for the greater good. Relative to the grandeur of European cities such as Paris and Venice the USA was leagues behind; the rich upper classes of the USA were acutely aware of this, and in a rather selfish, self-aware approach they wanted to amend this, if not for their dignity then simply for that the fact that the quality of life in many European cities far surpassed the overpopulated centres in the USA.[6]

 

However the aims of urban planning in the USA had to deal with a different function than many of the cities which were inspirational to this movement. For example Venice relied on traders and markets to generate capital; however a city such as New York or Chicago would base its function around manufacture. Therefore in order to create a truly great city plans had to create spatial wonder on a par with Venice, along with industrial productivity to rival Manchester or Birmingham.

 

The first physical step to amending and “beautifying” American cities was literally that. The 1893 World Exposition, held in Chicago was effectively a 1:1 model of how Daniel Burnham, John Root and Fredrick Law-Olmsted envisioned American architecture and urban planning.

 

Within this were a number of architectural/planning firsts. It was the first co-ordinated approach to planning in the sense that a team of architects, surveyors and landscape architects worked together to create a coherent city plan which was designed with a “conscious hand” and was to be followed ,without exception, at all times.

 

Added to this the exposition incorporated both art and sculpture into its design and on a vast scale, a feature of architecture which had been omitted in many urban areas in the USA, leading to slum like living conditions.[7]

 

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