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opposition. This is especially so if the person is leaning away from the speaker. A harsh or blank facial expression often indicates outright hostility. Such a person is not an ally, and may be considering contentious tactics.

Consistent eye contact can indicate that a person is thinking positively of what the speaker is saying. It can also mean that the other person does not trust the speaker enough to 'take his or her eyes off' the speaker. Lack of eye contact can indicate negativity. On the other hand, individuals with anxiety disorders are often unable to make eye contact without discomfort. Eye contact is often a secondary and misleading gesture because we are taught from an early age to make eye contact when speaking. If a person is looking at you but is making the arms-across-chest signal, the eye contact could be indicative that something is bothering the person, and that he or she wants to talk about it. Alternatively, if while making direct eye contact a person is fiddling with something, even while directly looking at you, it could indicate the attention is elsewhere.

Disbelief is often indicated by averted gaze, or by touching the ear or scratching the chin. So is eyestrain, or itchiness. When a person is not being convinced by what someone is saying, the attention invariably wanders, and the eyes will stare away for an extended period.

Boredom is indicated by the head tilting to one side, or by the eyes looking straight at the speaker but becoming slightly unfocused. A head tilt may also indicate a sore neck, and unfocused eyes may indicate ocular problems in the listener. Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact. Deceit or the act of withholding information can sometimes be indicated by touching the face during conversation.

It should be noted that some people, with certain disabilities, or those on the autistic spectrum, use and understand body language differently, or not at all. Interpreting their gestures and facial expressions, or lack thereof, in the context of normal body language usually leads to misunderstandings and misinterpretations, especially if body language is given priority over spoken language. It should also be stated that people from different cultures could interpret body language in different ways.

第二部分关于学校规则的法律讨论——PART II. DISCUSS LEGAL ISSUES IN REGARDS TO SCHOOL DISCIPLINE

School discipline today would be a tougher problem than ever, even without all these changes, because of the nationwide increase of troubled families and disorderly kids. Some schools, especially those in inner cities, have students who are literally violent felons. School discipline has two main goals: (1) ensure the safety of staff and students, and (2) create an environment conducive to learning. Serious student misconduct involving violent or criminal behavior defeats these goals and often makes headlines in the process. However, the commonest discipline problems involve noncriminal student behavior.

These less dramatic problems may not threaten personal safety, but they still negatively affect the learning environment. Disruptions interrupt lessons for all students, and disruptive students lose even more learning time. Researchers calculate that in many schools, students lost 7,932 instructional days (44 years) in-school and out-of-school suspensions in a singl