aimed at producing the maximum efficiency at the aggregate level.
Politics and economics viewed as separate and autonomous activities. Political activity should be focused on reducing and removing market imperfections.
• Orthodox liberalism - Smith, Locke.
• Keynes.
• Neo-liberalism, Reagan and Thatcher.
3 Interdependence theory - identified reciprocal costly effects of transactions which negate the internal/external policy separation, therefore states not seen simply as unitary rational actors, which has allowed new issues to be broached e.g. the sustainability agenda.
Game theory - individual state interest and the role of international instutions.
4 Regime theory - with the growth of interdependence, states have established some principles, norms and rules to regulate each others' behaviour, normally associated with international organisations e.g. WTO principles. Some theorists argue that an international hegemon is required to form and apply a regime, but regimes may arise through international negotiations. But what is the ultimate effect of regimes?
5 Liberals most closely adhere to the view that domestic societal pressures effect state policy e.g. in foreign policy making.
6 In terms of the North-South debate, Liberals do not have distributional issues as a major area of concern; interdependence seen as beneficial to LDC's; many problems of LDC's are associated with inappropriate policies e.g. import substitution, use of NTB's and the lack of export led growth.
THE HISTORICAL STRUCTURALIST PERSPECTIVE
1 Includes a wide range of theoretical approaches including Marxism, dependency theory, world-system theory and Gramscian analysis. Most theoretical approaches are rooted in Marxism.
Structuralist – reflects a focus on the structural means of exploitation – class, North V South etc. Historical – focus on the evolution of class domination over a period of time.
2 Basic ideas:
Class antagonism - the state as an agent of the dominant class; international relations as conflictual and zero sum game; Lenin – imperialism, delayed the downfall of capitalism in traditional Marxist analysis because the colonies supplied the “metropole” states with cheap inputs into the production process, and provided an outlet for goods; neo-colonialism, political control gives way to economic control; Dependency theory sees the world as hierarchically organised, with the leading capitalist states in the centre or core of the global economy exploiting the poor states in the periphery, only the core states can make autonomous choices about domestic and foreign economic policies, and market mechanisms reinforce political and economic inequalities; NIE economic growth is a form of dependent development; reject the idea that there can be a meaningful redistribution of power and wealth within the capitalist system.
The state – instrumentalist Marxist views and structuralist Marxism.
Marx and IPE – e.g. in India, England performed a dual function in destroying the old Asiatic society and in providing the foundation for Western society in Asia; the move to a capitalist mode of production as a ‘necessary evil.’
Lenin – argued that capitalism contributes to overproduction and underconsumption, to lower wages and employment for the working class, and to falling rates of profit for capitalists; this limits purchasing power
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