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大学英语四级考试（CET4短以下）是一个全国性的标准化教育测试拳头发起于1987年，然后在2005年改革。它已日益广泛地看作是一个高风险的测试，为即将毕业的学生，因为其前提是正式保证。许多研究人员得出的结论是高风险的测试，具有巨大和复杂的影响力的教师和学生，其中，在语言学，定义为反拨。反拨作用的理论和实证研究都非常有名，在国内和国外。
College English Test Band 4(CET4 hereafter in short) is a nationwide standardizedEducational test which was fist initiated in 1987， and then reformed in 2005.it has beenwidely and increasingly perceived as a high stakes test since its prerequisite is officiallyguaranteed for graduating students. Many researchers have concluded that high stakestest have great and complex influence on teachers and students, which, in linguistics,defined as washback. Theoretical and empirical researches on washback are both verypopular at home and abroad.

1.1 Background of the Study
“反拨”或“反洗”是指以“引进和使用的测试在何种程度上影响语言教师和学生做的事情，否则他们不会做，以促进语言主义的学习或居住”（梅西克，1996:241）。Washbackis往往与“高风险测试”，如CET-4/6，TEM4/8，其结果是“正确或错误的学生，教师，行政人员，家长，或的generalpublic，被用来立即作出重要的决定，并直接影响“（1988年，引马博士斯蒂芬·安德鲁斯2004:37）。因此，反拨的现象是非常重要而复杂的，专业测试开发商注目于1990年，S。在过去的二十年，在国外已进行了大量的理论和实证研究的反拨，这样的作为，奥尔德森和沃尔的反拨假说，“购买力平价”的反拨型号，公开的隐蔽的反拨模型;作为实证研究，操作性的例子，在研究的重点一个新的英语考试在斯里兰卡墙奥尔德森调查（1993年），由查尔斯Aldersons和Liz HAMP里昂（1996）等在开展教育环境的存在和程度的反拨作用进行语言教学的影响虽然家中国拥有悠久的历史，在测试中，在一开始的反拨作用研究。
"Washback" or "backwash" refers to "the extent to which the introduction and theuse of a test influences language teachers and learners to do things they would nototherwise do that promote or inhabit language leaming"(Messick, 1996:241). Washbackis often associated with "high-stake test "， such as CET-4/6, and TEM4/8, whose resultsare "seen-rightly or wrongly by students, teachers, administrators, parents, or the generalpublic, as being used to make important decisions that immediately and directly affectthem"(Madaus 1988,cited in Stephen Andrews 2004:37). Therefore, washbackphenomenon is very important whereas complicated, which attracts attention ofprofessional test developers in 1990,s.Numerous theoretical and empirical researches on washback have been conductedabroad over the past two decades, such as, Alderson & Wall's Washback Hypothesis,"PPP" Washback Model, Overt-Covert Washback Model; as for empirical researches, forinstance, the study focus on the impact of a new English examination in Sri Lanka onlanguage teaching conducted by Wall & Alderson(1993) ,the investigation on theexistence and extent of washback in a educational setting carried out by CharlesAldersons and Liz Hamp-Lyons (1996),etc. While at home China who holds a longhistory in testing, is at the outset of washback study.
As China opens to the outside world and will be more open, thus increasingly andextremely importance has been attach to the learning and teaching English in the effort topromote internationalism. For English teachers and non-English majors in colleges anduniversities CET4 is a "high-stake test", because it's a prerequisite for graduatingstudents to get bachelors' degree. Having been in practice for more than twenty years,reformed several times, CET4 has made a lot of contributions to the development of thecollege English education, while its influence on language teaching and learning is very debatable.Great social and economical transformation has taken place in China in 1990s. Thesystem reform and institution changes alongside have put a profound and far-reachingimpact on China's higher education ever since, w本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。