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什么是精英?What is meritocracy?

论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:课程作业 Coursework登出时间:2015-12-30编辑:zhaotianyun点击率:6208

论文字数:1343论文编号:org201512172218161561语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文

关键词:meritocracyIQ tests意识形态

摘要:摘要:本文主要讲述了精英作为一种意识形态,其在理想社会中的概念。

什么是精英?

What is meritocracy?

精英作为一种意识形态


精英也可以指一个理想社会,歧视基于种族,国籍,性别,年龄,和其他无关的特征是完全缺席。优点是围绕价值、基础和道德上所有的社会正确的分类标准,特别是对社会经济地位和公共空间。概念,强调社会共识的手段和过程,通过系统筛选、排序、和奖励人才和能力选择特定的角色,出于竞争的资格,进而结构获得财富、声望和个人满足感。它被设计成一个否定的系统(如贵族个人继承他们的社会地位。精英像贵族经典意义上的术语,意思是“规则的最好的。“在过去的几个世纪里,发生了什么事,然而,是贵族已经成为与世袭特权和严格的等级制度。相反,一个精英促进值得个人他们碰巧出生在无论哪个社会阶层,每个人都有一定比例的好运气,具备一定优越感 (Rawls, 1999, Nozick 1974, Miller 1999).

IQ测试主要是利用分析,基于逻辑的推理,当然在许多工作设置中,这种认知能力与性能相联系。但是其他种类的认知能力也有关性能,因此也代表价值。例如:想象力、实际意义和解释他人观点的能力。出于同样的原因,年轻工作分量的公式表明,一些个性因素可能列入成为一个合理的价值观念。例如,勤奋可以提高工作绩效。当然,有些个人特质和社会技能可能得到回报,因为他们反映符合任意的群体规范。“目前尚不清楚为什么这个词应该被确定为与心智能力如此密切,不同于许多其他条件和特征,因而改善社会和经济成功的机会”(Hauser et al's, 2000, p. 203).


精英作为一种意识形态——Meritocracy as an ideology


Meritocracy can also refer to an idealised society where discrimination on the basis of race, nationality, gender, age, and other irrelevant characteristics is completely absent. Merit is the encompassing value, the basic and morally correct criterion for any and all social classifications, particularly in respect to socioeconomic standing and in public space. A notion, emphasising societal consensus on the means and processes of selection for particular roles through a system of sifting, sorting, and rewarding talent and ability, motivated by competition for qualifications that in turn structure access to wealth, prestige, and personal satisfaction. It is conceived as a repudiation of systems like aristocracy where individuals inherit their social status. A meritocracy resembles aristocracy in the classical sense of the term meaning “rule by the best.” What has happened over the centuries, however, is that aristocracy has become associated with hereditary privilege and a rigid class system. Instead of this, a meritocracy promotes worthy individuals regardless of which social strata they happen to be born in and each individual has good fortune in proportion to the individual's deservingness (Rawls, 1999, Nozick 1974, Miller 1999).

IQ tests primarily tap analytical, logic-based reasoning; and surely that kind of cognitive ability is related to performance in many job settings. But other kinds of cognitive ability are also related to performance - and thus also represent merit. For instance: imagination, practical sense, and the ability to interpret others' perspectives. By the same token, the effort component of Young's formulation suggests that a number of personality factors may figure into a reasonable conception of merit. For example, being conscientious may enhance job performance. Of course, some individual traits and social skills may be rewarded because they reflect conformity to arbitrary group norms. “It is not clear why the term merit should be identified so closely with mental ability as distinct from many other conditions and traits that improve the chances of social and economic success” (Hauser et al's, 2000, p. 203). David Miller (1996, 300) eluding on Walzer (1983) has indicated that a meritocracy is not only more stable but also more socially just if there are a number of socially recognised forms of merit: ‘economic contribution would be one kind of merit, education and scholarship another, artistic achievement a third, public service yet another, and so forth.'

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