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f the employee union, the members have mutual interests and understanding which create hurdle when any action is taken against any member of the union, although he is guilty. Most of the time, unions protest in their interest rather than the Bank's interest. It can cause delay in the processes and can cause failure to the process.

8.4) Mortgage Assessment

As discussed above in the 5Cs of credit, collateral discussed the assessment of asset and its documentation in detail.

8.5) Steps to Better Risk Management

It is an overall strategic process in the organization, by applying this model in the Bank they can be in better position to understand risk and can lower its effect. It's a general model to build strategic process to change the risk perceiving mindset and align operations and organize culture in a way to reduce risk or acquiring it and manage, and in result it can help them to retain competitive advantage.

Five steps outlined in the diagram form a dynamic cycle. It can enable Bank to determine capacity and appetite for risk which in result embed risk in all decisions and help the Bank for better risk profiling and then by aligning Governance and organization around risks they can not only mitigate but can effectively and efficiently manage the risk. This effective acquisition and better management of risk can give competitive edge. Companies with a strong culture of risk-adjusted decision making are better positioned to identify and understand changes in their risk profiles, triggering the cycle again. These steps help organization to identify and manage risk at every level from top to bottom.

Identify and Understand Your Major Risks

Decide which Risks are Natural

Determine your capacity and Appetite for Risk

Embed Risk in all Decision and Processes

Align Governance and Organization Around Risk

Bibliography

Books

Fasih-ud-Din Burni,2007 Introduction to Microfinance in Pakistan and Banking Procedure, Royal Book Company.

Money and Banking in Pakistan 2001, 5th edition, in Javed A.Ansari, 2004, pg.75-88,180-183.

S. Aijaz Husain, History of State Bank of Pakistan 1948-1960, 1992, State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi.

S. Aijaz Husain, History of State Bank of Pakistan 1961-1977, 1994, State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi.

Ciby Joseph, 2006, Credit Risk analysis - A tryst with Strategic Prudence, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Dehli.

Basel II, 2004, Operational Risk 2.0-Driving Value Creation in a Post Basel II Era, in Ellen Davis 2007, pg 6-10

Journals

Kevin B, Andrew F & Ron H., “Owning the Right Risks”, Five Steps to Better Risk Management, September 2008, p. 105-110.

Toby J.F. Bishop & Frank E. Hydoski, “Mapping your Fraud Risk”, Heat Map, October 2009, p. 76.

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