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thirdly, we use network analysis technique to map the network among authors and articles to evaluate disciplinary trends in expatriate management; and, fourthly, we will briefly examine the themes within the most cited studies to provide a qualitative perspective on the development of expatriate management research over the last 50+ years. Finally, we provide a discussion of our results and provide some directions for future studies in this field.

THEORY OF THE INVISIBLE NETWORK OF KNOWLEDGE

Knowledge is power (Sir Francis Bacon, 1597) and is an output of a learning (or knowing) process, similar to how plans are the output of a planning process. It is a complex concept that, before it is presented, it is stored in the learner's mind and is unobservable to the eye of voters (Doyle et al., 1996). Since people harbor their own views on knowledge, there can be a lack of clarity concerning specific actions to be taken in the quest for knowledge. Kerlinger (1986) outlines four “ways of knowing” which establishes a hierarchy of evidence credibility. We can learn through habit, “common sense”, authority and science with science as the most reliable and credible source of knowledge. Yet even with scientific means of “knowing” we need to have a strategy to combine data. We need a “channel” that helps people to visualize knowledge and develop and maintain a common visualization and representation (Price, 1965). Gibbons Limoges, Nowwotny, Schwartzman, Scott, and Trow (1994) hold that the terms of science and knowledge are often used interchangeably or combined to form scientific knowledge and the scientific knowledge is usually presented in journal articles, books, and monographs. One strategy for combining knowledge is through meta-analysis which focuses on quantitatively combining results from various studies. Qualitative reviews on the other hand provide a non-quantitative approach to generalizing across studies. Another less utilized means of combining studies is to examine the network of cited authors and their articles. These pieces of knowledge, represented by the individual studies in a particular field are developed based on each other and connected with each other through citations and co-citations. These citations and co-citations form a knowledge network within which there are subsystems or clique networks connected with each other. This knowledge network is also part of a broader and more general system (Chandy and William, 1994). From this network perspective, the knowledge of any single discipline, such as expatriate management, could be represented and viewed as an outcome of the interaction of its foundation domains. In the case of expatriate management these foundation disciplines include psychology, sociology, organizational behavior and human resource management. Expatriate management studies comprise a significant amount of research in each of these disciplines and the theoretical models borrow from concepts utilized within the disciplines. Thus, each of the disciplines has well-established subsystems of expatriate management research (i.e., different streams of expatriate management studies). We believe that further development of the field of expatriate management research can benefit from a network analysis, i.e., author citation and co-citation analysis, of th本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。