摘要:本文是旨在变量评估取消制度或者保留制度的辩论,增乳艾礼富文德尔福尔摩斯所说:“历史的篇章是值得用逻辑推敲的。对历史的回顾保持沉默的权利,在不同的时间点上拥有的这一特权,应该对该位置提供一些观点。”拉丁词“‘nemo tenetur prodere seipsum”意味着追溯到罗马时代,没有人能够在公共场所背叛他自己。
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Polygraph or the Lie-Detector Test
Contrary to popular perceptions, polygraph is not a lie detector. Polygraph interrogation is intended to determine whether the respondent is answering a specific question put to him in a deceptively. Although, it is claimed that certain patterns of physiological responses to the polygraph may indicate lying, scientific evidence has not been provided to substantiate such claim. In polygraph, four pens are used to record the subject’s physiological responses on a moving paper [17] : -
To record thoracic and abdominal breathing movements, two “pneumo” pens driven by pneumatic belts are fastened on to the subject’s chest and abdomen.
A third pen is connected to a blood pressure device (sphygmomanometer) around one upper arm. Each heart beat causes this “cardio” pen to deflect and changes in blood pressure cause the entire tracing to move up or down on a chart.
Finally, the GSR or “electrodermal” pen is connected to the fingerprint area of two fingers to measure the electrical resistance of the palmar skin that is caused by sweat gland activity.
Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Techniques
The Relevant- Irrelevant Test [RIT]
In this test, the subject is required to answer two types of questions, relevant [18] and irrelevant. [19] . All these questions are required to be answered with a “Yes” or “No”. Respiration, Electrodermal and blood pressure responses to the relevant questions are compared to those responses obtained for the irrelevant questions. If the reactions to the relevant questions are generally stronger then the subject is judged to be deceptive to the relevant. [20] Conversely, if the test results indicate reactions similar in magnititude to both types of questions, the subject is considered to be truthful. [21]
The Control Question Test (CQT)
In CQT, the physiological reactions to relevant are compared to those produced by control questions. These control questions are designed in such a way that the innocent subjects react strongly to them than the relevant questions. [22] Innocent subjects answer the relevant questions truthfully and are deceptive or untruthful when answering the control questions. Conversely, the guilty are expected to be concerned about failing their test because their answers to the relevant questions were deceptive, and they are likely to show stronger reactions to the relevant questions. [23]
Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT)
The concealed or the guilty knowledge test is another method for detecting deception. Unlike CQT or RIT, this test does not seek to verify the veracity of the subject’s statements but rather attempts to assess whether the subject is concealing any details of the crime that would be known only to guilty persons. Typically, only electro-dermal responses to the questions are recorded. [24]
Narco Analysis – The Truth Serum Test
In Narco-analysis, various chemical drugs are used to create a state of “disinhibition” or a hypnotic trance in the accused. Doctors or experts mix a few grams of sodium pentothal or sodium amytal in distilled water. Depending on the person's sex, age, health and physical condition, the mixture is administered intravenously. [25] A wrong dose can sent the subject into a coma, or even result in death. The drug depresses t
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