中英死亡委婉语对比分析Death Euphemisms Between Chinese and English: A Contrastive Analysis [10]
论文作者:佚名论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2009-04-09编辑:刘宝玲点击率:34825
论文字数:26000论文编号:org200904091747052664语种:中文 Chinese地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:死亡委婉语文化差异Deatheuphemismculturedifference
nationality, context of communication and context of culture are under the social context. There are three categories under the sub-branch “context of culture”, namely, context of national culture, context of religion, context of social-customs. The following chapter will analyze the cultural differences of death euphemism in Chinese and English from the three aspects respectively.
B. Florence Kluckhohn’s Five Orientations
American anthropologist, Florence Kluckhohn (1961) identified five orientations, that is, five categories of beliefs and behaviors for comparing cultural values. Every culture has to work out solutions to these issues. Every human group needs to adapt to the natural world and has to order relationships among members of the group. Each culture has done this and continues to do it in its own way, but some similar values in the practices of various cultures are identification. In each orientation, there are three basic values. Theoretically people can use these to analyze a culture and figure out which of the three values it most often uses to solve the issues for each of the orientation, but this approach also has limitations. Let us consider a chart to express the differences of basic values between Chinese and English briefly.
Orientation Basic values Chinese values Western values (English values)
Human Nature Basically evil Mixture of good and evil Basically good Basically good Basically evil
Relationship to Nature Nature controls humans Harmony with nature Humans control nature Harmony with nature Humans control nature
Sense of Time past Present future Past Future
Activity Being-who you are Growing-becoming Doing-what you are doing Being-who you are Doing-what you are doing
Social Relationship hierarchy group individual hierarchy individual
Ⅲ. Classification of Death Euphemism in Chinese and English
There are many different kinds of death euphemisms in both Chinese and English. The following passage will express them respectively.
A. Death Euphemism in Chinese
1. Death of Religious People
Taoism and Buddhism are playing important roles in Chinese culture. Different Chinese death euphemisms have different explanations. According to Zhuangzi (庄子), “death is nothing but a “rest”,when death befalls me, I begin my rest.” “蜕化” (tuihua) (lit. ecdysis) used as death is also like a circle to be shelled. Reincarnation is the dominant belief of Taoism. The goal in Taoism is to achieve 道 ( Tao), means to find the way. “道山” (daoshan).“瑶池”(yaochi) and “蓬莱”(penglai) are some of the places where they live. “仙化”(xianhua),“遗形”(yixing) and “瑶池添座”(yaochitianzuo)are death euphemisms in Taoism.( 张拱贵 1996)
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