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论文作者:留学生论文论文属性:案例分析 Case Study登出时间:2010-12-24编辑:anterran点击率:2680
论文字数:1000论文编号:org201012241441267120语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:Input-Output AnalysisTotal demandintermediate demandfinal demand
Tools: Input-Output Analysis (IOA)
As part of the establishment of national accounts, input-output analysis was devised in the 1930s, and first implemented in the 1940s for the USA. Its founder was Wassily Leontief (1936), and his approach to national accounts was 代写ESSAY a disaggregated one, focusing on how industries trade with each other, and how such inter-industry trading influenced the overall demand for labour and capital within an economy.
The basic distinction that is made in input-output analysis is between the demand for goods and services sold to ‘Final Demand’ (households, governments, exports, investment), and the ‘Total Demand’ in the various sectors, resulting from the direct impact of final demand, and the indirect impacts resulting from inter-industry trading (intermediate demand). For instance, almost no iron and steel products are sold directly to domestic consumers (final demand), but a great deal is sold embodied in manufactured goods, such as cars and washing machines
Total demand = intermediate demand + final demand
One of the main uses of input-output analysis is to display all flows of goods and services within an economy, simultaneously illustrating the connection between producers and consumers and the interdependence of industries. An advantage of input-output tables is that economic components, such as income, output and expenditure, are presented in a consistent framework reconciling the discrepancies between the estimates of these components.
Using linear algebra, input-output analysis allows all economic activity to be directly related to final demand. Of course, the final demand for the various producing sectors sums to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), one of the fundamental measures in national accounting. Input-output tables can be, and are being, used for various economic analyses within and outside Government. The use of input-output tables is particularly important for analysing structural adjustment in industry. For a full description of input-output analysis, see Miller and Blair (1985), and its application to environmental issues, Proops et al. (1993).
Mathematically:
Total output = Intermediate Output + Final Demand
X = MX + D
D = X – MX
D = IX – MX
D = X(I – M)
X = (I – M)-1D
Where M = This is the technological matrix
and I = this is called the identity matrix.
Relevant literature
Leontief, W. (1936) Quantitative input-output relations in the economic systems of the United States. Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol 18, pp.105-125.
Miller, R.E. and P.D. Blair https://www.51lunwen.org/customEssay/(1985) Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Proops, J., Faber, M. and Wagenhals, G. (1993) Reducing CO2 Emissions: A Comparative Input-Output Study for Germany and the UK, Springer- Verlag, Heidelberg.