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 论文编号：
lw200707250757417537 |
| 论文属性：
Notes |
| 论文语言：English |
| 论文国家：China |
| 登出日期： 2007-07-25 |
| 字数： 5000 |
| 源程序：
无 |
| 价格：
免费论文 |
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| 论文大纲，目录 |
| 关键词搜索：AC640 Government Public Policy Political Communication Citizens and Culture |
espected by external
authorities a system for monitoring members’ behaviour exists; the community members
undertake this monitoring themselves a graduated system of sanctions to regulate members’ behaviour is used community members have access to low-cost conflict resolution if things go wrong
Rheingold offers perspective on the larger body of theory concerned with human
cooperative behaviour: game theory. The Wikipedia definition of game theory is as follows:
“Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that uses models to study interactions with
formalised incentive structures ("games"). It has applications in a variety of fields, including
economics, international relations, evolutionary biology, political science, and military
strategy. Game theorists study the predicted and actual behaviour of individuals in games,
as well as optimal strategies.”
Game theory is predicated on the idea that all those participating in an event are concerned
to maximize their gain. A major “game” constructed by game theorists Is the “Prisoner’s
Dilemma.”
d. cooperation in wireless worlds
Rheingold argues that the new technologies consist of little more than wire,
microprocessors, and cooperation. The cooperative ethos was built into the new
technologies as they emerged, a product of the hacker ethic active among many early
computer engineers and programmers. The ethic was even present at the “Advanced
Research and Projects 英语论文网 【http://www.51lunwen.org】Administration” (ARPA), the U.S. Pentagon department which did
the basic research and development that led to the Internet. It was present again in the
development of the UNIX programming language on which the Internet’s functions are
based. The open software movement, represented in Rheingold’s account by programmer
and activist Richard Stallman, is a remarkable extension of the earlier hacker projects in
contemporary culture. Rheingold cites author Steven Levy’s famous recitation of the “hacker
ethic” to crystallize this point:
(i) Access to computers should be unlimited and total (the “hands-on imperative”) (ii) All information should be free
(iii) Mistrust authority and promote centralization
Cooperation among talented computer scientists led to operating systems, graphical
displays, and e-mail. Rheingold asks the important question: will the ethos of cooperation be
sustained in the wireless future? He writes: “Will the Internet remain a decentralized, self-
organized commons as the fixed network infrastructure upgrades to wireless connection
technologies?” Or will the wireless infrastructure be a proprietary one owned by
telecommunications, software and other corporate media giants?
e. social networks as driving forces
Rheingold draws upon the ideas of Barry Wellman, a theorist of social networks, to discuss
how technology and collective action converge. Wellman distinguishes between groups and
networks:
(i) groups
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