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 论文编号：
lw200707250901489726 |
| 论文属性：
Notes |
| 论文语言：English |
| 论文国家：U.K. |
| 登出日期： 2007-07-25 |
| 字数： 5000 |
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s and broadcast
are as follows: (a) technological convergence, whereby digitization allows for previously distinct
technologies and industries to merge, e.g., CanWest’s newspapers providing
digital content to the Global TV network, as both are owned by Winnipeg’s Asper
family;
(b) the trend toward a greater commercial—rather than public--framework for
communication and media networks in an era of deregulation;
(c) international trade agreements such as the World Trade Organization (WTO)
that have fostered expanded global free trade in communication products and
services.
We’ll now address legal and policy trends in telecommunication and broadcast media
separately.
b. telecommunication trends
Since the invention of the telegraph in 1837, the telecommunications industry has been
organized on a monopoly basis in North America. Western Union dominated the
telegraph industry; Bell and, later, AT&T were the chief monopolists in North American
telephony; RCA and NBC controlled radio and television respectively in the earliest days
of those media. The enormous cost of establishing telecommunication infrastructures—
stringing wires and building transmission towers, for example—encouraged a monopoly
model, albeit one overseen by government bodies like the CRTC. The monopoly model
survived in North America till the 1980s, when ideological changes favouring markets
and technological changes allowing for a decentralization of media effecti英语论文网 【http://www.51lunwen.org】vely ended this
pattern. In Canada, for example, this has led to competition in the long distance
telephone market where once Bell was the only choice available. c. broadcast trends
Broadcast trends today are defined by several developments. First, digitization mean
that the longstanding issue of “spectrum scarcity”—the finite capacity of the
electromagnetic (EM) spectrum to carry sound and visual information—is much less a
problem today. Cable, Internet, and satellite transmissions are not dependent on the EM
spectrum. Second, with respect to access, the pattern in the early days of Canadian
radio and television broadcast (1930s-60s) was to ensure the vast majority of Canadians
had access to Canadian radio and TV services. Third, with respect to content, the trend
since the 1960s has been to support Canadian cultural industries by requiring Canadian
content in TV and radio here. This took advantage of the infrastructure established in the
earlier decades to provide programming reflective of Canadian culture, especially in light
of the remarkable power and appeal of American media.
2. AC640 reading: Michael Perelman’s “The Ascension of Intellectual
Property Rights”
a. the history of intellectual property
Intellectual property can be defined as “property that enjoys legal protection and stems
from the exercise of the mind; [it] includes patents, trademarks, copyright, design
protection and some minor rights.” Intellectual property in
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