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 论文编号：
lw200802181146224211 |
| 论文属性：
Courswork |
| 论文语言：English |
| 论文国家：U.K. |
| 登出日期： 2008-02-18 |
| 字数： 2950 |
| 源程序：
无 |
| 价格：
150 |
| 参考相关附件： |
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| 论文大纲，目录 |
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size was small and much younger than that of Hof-
Table 3.
Comparison on Cultural Values
and Ethical Norms
United States India t-Values
Cultural Values
Collectivism 3.19 0(.73) 3.34 0(.82) –1.51**
Uncertainty avoidance 3.61 0(.79) 3.43 0(.80) –1.88**
Masculinity 2.18 (1.06) 2.69 (1.09) –3.85**
Power distance 1.72 0(.85) 2.11 0(.81) –3.88**
Long-term orientation 3.97 0(.47) 3.95 0(.64) 0–.38**
Marketing ethical norms
Price and distribution 3.95 0(.74) 3.73 0(.80) –2.37**
Information and contract 4.44 0(.45) 4.35 0(.53) –1.50**
Product and promotion 4.54 0(.52) 4.37 0(.58) –2.52**
Obligation and disclosure 4.19 0(.65) 4.18 0(.67) 0–.09**
General honesty and integrity 4.29 0(.59) 4.09 0(.69) –2.51**
Overall ethical norms 4.28 0(.46) 4.13 0(.49) –2.56**
*p < .05.
**p < .01.
Notes: All measurements use a Likert scale (1 = “strongly disagree,” and 5 = “strongly agree”;
for details, see Appendixes A and B). The table presents means (standard deviations).
Cultural Values on Marketing Ethical Norms 43
stede. Furthermore, culture is a dynamic process that goes
through metamorphoses over time, and it is difficult to replicate
Hofstede’s findings in the current cultural conditions. In
addition, we reported the rank-order data of India and the
United States and their absolute scores on these dimensions
(as Hofstede suggests) without statistically testing for the significance
of the underlying difference of these scores. This
may open up the possibilities of 英语论文网 【http://www.51lunwen.org】findings that may not
exactly be the same as those of Hofstede. Hofstede’s theory
provides a useful benchmark to develop our hypotheses.
However, as we discuss the results of this study further, we
focus on the primary data collected in this study to test our
hypotheses.
A check on the comparison of the ethical norms in the two
countries (Table 3) indicates that the overall ethical norms
scores (a composite of the five components of marketing ethical
norms; see Appendix B) differ significantly between
India and the United States (4.13 versus 4.28, p < .05). Essentially,
U.S. professionals have a much stricter interpretation
of the norms than their Indian counterparts. Specifically,
U.S. professionals scored higher on the following dimensions:
price and distribution, product and promotion, and
general honesty and integrity (p < .05, for all). The other two
dimensions (information and contract and obligation and
disclosure) did not show any statistically significant difference.
Note that H2b and H4b predicted that U.S. professionals
would exhibit a higher level of marketing ethical norms than
Indian professionals, whereas H1b, H3b, and H5b predicted
the opposite. Our results show that the U.S. professionals
exhibited a higher level of norms distinctly in three of the
five categories and in general.
The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis
showed that the factorial structures of both the five cultural
and the five ethical dimensio
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