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论文题目：英格兰教育学硕士课程作业Critical debate of two theories of autism: Theory of Mind and Extreme Male Brain

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论文专业：教育学
字数：4000-5000
学校国家：英格兰
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英格兰教育学硕士课程作业Critical debate of two theories of autism: Theory of Mind and Extreme Male Brain

1.0 Introduction

Autism was first described clinically in the 1940s. In 1943, American doctor named Kanner (1943) reported 11 patients and named the disease as early infantile autism. He described the cause of autism. For etiology of autism, it was generally considered that parents’ improper way of parenting leading to occurrence of autism. Kanner (1943) described parents of children with autism as a group of highly educated, very devoted but indifferent people, this view seemed to cause little objection. In the 1980s, research on autism entered into a new phase. People began to abandon the so-called cause hypothesis of improper parenting way (New York State Department of Health, Early Intervention Program, 2006), they were from an area of biology to explore the causes of autism, and in the identification of clinical symptoms and clinical diagnosis, they completely separated autism from schizophrenia. "DSM-Ⅲ", which is published in 1980 first took childhood autism as a pervasive developmental disorder (Tsai, 1998). Later, as researches on autism develop, people have gradually realized that autism is a disease of diffuse developmental disorders of the central nervous system stimulating by a variety of environmental factors and affecting by certain genetic factors. On the basis of this understanding, people carried out research from molecular genetic to neuroimmunology, functional imaging, neuroanatomical and neurochemical aspects, people were trying to find the causes of autism from these studies. But up to now, there is still no hypothesis which can fundamentally explain the causes of autism perfectly (Plomin, et al., 2006).

自闭症的第一次描述了临床上在20世纪40年代。1943，美国医生叫坎纳（1943）报道11例，为疾病的早期自闭症。他描述了自闭症的原因。对于自闭症的病因，但普遍认为父母教养方式不当，导致自闭症的发生。坎纳（1943）描述了自闭症儿童的父母为一组受过高等教育的，非常忠诚，但冷漠的人，这种观点似乎引起小的异议。在上世纪80年代，自闭症研究进入新的阶段。人们开始放弃父母教养方式不当造成的所谓的假设（健康，纽约州的早期干预计划，2006），它们是从生物学方面的探索孤独症的病因，在临床诊断和临床症状的识别，他们完全分离的自闭症，精神分裂症。”DSM -Ⅲ”，这是发表在1980第一次儿童孤独症是一种广泛性发育障碍（Tsai，1998）。后来，为自闭症研究的发展，人们逐渐认识到自闭症是弥漫性的中枢神经系统受到各种环境因素的制约和影响具有一定的遗传因素的刺激性发育障碍疾病。在这个认识的基础上，人们进行了研究，从分子遗传学，免疫学，功能成像，神经解剖学和神经化学方面，人们试图从这些研究发现自闭症的成因。但到目前为止，仍然没有假设，从根本上解释自闭症的原因完全（普罗明，等。，2006）。

2.0 Body

3.0 Conclusion

References

Apperly, I. A., Samson, D., Chiavarino, C., Bickerton, W. L. and Humphreys, G. W. (2004). Testing the domain-specificity of a theory of mind deficit in brain-injured patients: evidence for consistent performance on non-verbal, “reality-unknown” false belief and false photograph tasks. School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
Bara, B. G., Bucciarelli, M. and Colle, L. (2001). Communicative abilities in autism: Evidence for attentional deficits. Brain and Language,77(2), 216-240.
Baron-Cohen, S. and Gillberg, J. (1992). Can autism be detected at 18 month. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 839-843.
Baron-Cohen S. (1998). Does the study of autism justify minimalist innate modularity? Learning and Individual Differences, 10(3),179-191.
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