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Since the beginning of Education, the question how to teach students effectively had existed. Consequently, programming in adult education is gradually regarded as a fundamental element of education’s success or failure. Therefore, many various and scientific, systematic program planning models came into being. For example, the institutional models, the human resource development models, the experiential models, and the social action models. Those models can be used in relevant fields. Two of those models- Knowles model and Freire model, has got considerable repudiations with their outstanding leading thinkers. Essential details of the two program development models need to be analyzed. And there exist similarities and differences between Knowles Model and Freire Model. On the basis of Knowles model, a coffee shop operates very well.

Essential details of Knowles model

For clearly understanding of Knowles model, one must know that program development models are often divided into four main categories namely institutional models, human resource development models, experiential models, and social action models (Jayne & Ann, 2003).

Although those categories are not totally broad enough, they play a crucial role in making a series of models be easily understood. Each model can be appropriate in some relevant fields. For example, in training contexts and vocational education, the institutional models and human resource development models will be more appropriate. Used by Brookfield (1986), the institutional models are composed of a series of programming models. All of those programming models he thought must have those common stages namely identify needs firstly, then define objectives, next identify prior learning experiences in accordance with the predefined objectives, and organize the prior learning experiences, finally evaluate the program according how well the predefined are met (Jayne & Ann, 2003).

Knowles Model is a typical representative among institutional models. So for Knowles Model, the roles of institution or organization are identifying needs, incorporating various stakeholders, incorporating indentified needs into program development process, and providing staff, resources, facilities. Both adult educators and learners have their own roles in this model. The adult educators serve as a guider to help learner learning. (Daines &Graham, 1985)They are also responsive to student needs and recognize students’ prior learning or experience. Since identifying needs is a fundamental stage, the learners, first of all, must diagnose their own needs and direct their own learning needs and indentify their own prior learning and experience. In other words, it means that the learners must be self-directed and must have the ability to be self-directed. Their must be autonomous learners. So, obviously, the Knowles Model is a kind of learner-centered model. From those stages which compose institutional models, it can easily find that the process of learning in Knowles Model is inductive.

Essential details of Freire Model

Freire Model is belonged to social action models. For Freire Model, the role of institution and organization is to assist with process of learning and raise consciousness of lear本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。