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第1节

1.如何区分行为理论和认知理论有什么不同的观点，并如何影响学习？

环境变量

行为理论强调环境的作用，具体而言，就是外界刺激如何被安排和展示，以及如何加强反应。认知理论认可环境条件下学习促进者的角色。学生实践技能，结合所需并加以纠正，从而促进学习。

动机

行为理论将动机定义为行为发生概率增加的可能性。认知理论认为动机和学习是相关的，但不完全相同。

记忆

一些行为理论从神经连接，建立的行为，与外部刺激的行为的角度从而设想记忆。认知理论赋予记忆更为突出的作用。在响应相关的线索的同时，激活其相应的记忆结构的信息检索。

2解释概念强化

在一般意义上，强化类似于奖励，这反过来又增加了行为或学习的强度。强化比给予奖励更为精确有用。而这种行为变得更有可能发生，因为其结果是依赖于行为。强化是控制学习者行为的一种更为精确的方法。

Behavioural theories

Section A

1. How do behavioural and cognitive theories differ in their vies of how the following influence learning?

Environmental variables

Behavioural theories stress the role of the environment, specifically, how stimuli are arranged and presented and how response is reinforced. Cognitive theories acknowledge the role of environmental conditions as facilitators of learning. Student practice of skills, combined with corrective as needed, promotes learning.

Motivation

Behavioural theories define motivation as an increase rate of probability of occurrence of behaviour. Cognitive theories view motivation and learning as related but not identical.

Memory

Some of the behavioural theories conceive memory in terms of neurological connections, established as a function of behaviour that is associated with external stimuli. Cognitive theories assign a more prominent role to memory. The information is retrieved from memory in response to relevant cues that activate their appropriate memory structures.

2. Explain the concept reinforcement.

In a general sense, reinforcement is similar to a reward which in turn adds strength to behaviour or learning. Reinforcement is more precise than a reward. The behavior becomes more likely to occur, because the consequence is presented dependent on the behaviour. Reinforcement is a more precise way of controlling learners' behavior.

3. Explain and discuss the concept equilibration.

Equilibration will take place when a learner tries to bring balance between a simulation and accommodation. We all try to make sense of the world around us by assimilating new information into pre-existing mental schemes. This effort maintains a balance by equilibration, allows for a cognitive development and effective thought process.

4. Analyse the concept situated learning.

It is the learning of knowledge and skills that reflect the way it will be used in real life. Social interaction is a critical component of situated learning in an active group context. To achieve this, teachers should encourage learners to become involved in a ‘community of practice' which embodies certain believes and&本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。