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ons from shipping activities are estimated toaccountfor3-5%oftotalCO2.Moreover,ithasbeenestimated that, without any countermeasures, sul-phate emissions will increase by 10-20% over themain shipping routes in 2012, contributing up to5.2% of the total tropospheric sulphate burden.Theseresultsincludeuncertaintybutalsohighlightthe urgent need to take action. Chapter 2 providesa critical analysis of the main data and methodolo-gies available to estimate air emissions from ships.This chapter highlights some of the limitations ofthe current methodologies as well as the scarcityandlimitedavailabilityofdataconcerningmaritimetransport activities. The analysis takes particularaccount of the estimation and geographical char-acterisation of air emissions. The chapter classifiesthe different data sources which are available (orwill be in the near future) to maritime transport re-searchers. A conclusion of this section is that thereis at present no optimum source of information, interms of accuracy, coverage and comprehensive-ness.However,andthisiskey,differentdatasourc-es may be used together in order to reduce theiroverall uncertainties. Chapter 3 provides someinsights into how to design a sector-based policystrategy to abate air emissions from maritimetransport, taking into account the complexity ofthe current contribution of the sector to global andlocal air emissions. Criteria for selecting the mostappropriate option are then discussed, focussingon the cost effectiveness of different options. Herethe basic aim is to select the option which achievesspecifiedobjectivesatleastcost.Thechapteriden-tifies the main elements which characterise thisapproach. These will be taken into account in theanalysis of the technological and policy options toabate air emissions from ships carried out into thesubsequent chapters. With respect to the techno-logical options, Chapter 4 describes the technolo-giesthatmightbeusedtoreducefuelconsumptionand pollutant emissions. The analysis providesan estimation of the costs of these technologies,which is key to assessing the feasibility of their ap-plication in the subsector.Chapter 5 provides an overview of the complexityof the maritime regulatory system and how envi-ronmental issues are currently integrated into thisframework, and defines the main elements of theregulation. This chapter summarises the currentinternational debate on the regulation of GHGsarising from international maritime transport. Itidentifies the Kyoto Protocol’s principle “commonbut differentiated responsibilities and respectivecapabilities” and the IMO’s “no more favorabletreatment”conceptasthecoreelementsofthisde-bate. Chapter 6 outlines the main elements of theEuropean Union’s position on regulating air emis-sions from international maritime transport, anddiscusses the inclusion of international shipping inthe EU Emission Trading Scheme.Our results show that, because of the high un-certainty in air emissions estimations, further re-search is required in this field. In fact, a scientificdebate is now open on the most appropriate way toaddress the issue of how to estimate air emissions.The scarce or limited availability of data concern-ing maritime transport activities has resulted inthe widespread use of different calculation meth-odologies. In addition, the application of new tech-nologies which enable more detailed traffic dataacquisition puts the usefulness of the methodolo-gies proposed so far further into question. The in-creasing impact of ma