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ad range of functions as it also meets very high standards of performance, quality, and reliability. At the same time practical in terms of time and cost.

1.1 Analog & Digital Electronics

In science, technology, business, and, in fact, most other fields of endeavor, we are constantly dealing with quantities. In the most physical systems, quantities are measured, monitored, recorded, manipulated, arithmetically, observed. We should be able to represent the values efficiently and accurately when we deal with various quantities. There are basically two ways of representing the numerical value of quantities: analog and digital

1.2 Analog Electronics

Analogue/Analog electronics are those electronic systems with a continuously variable signal. In contrast, two different levels are usually taken in digital electronics signals. In analog representation a quantity is represented by a voltage, current, or meter movement that is comparative to the value of that quantity. Analog quantities such as those cited above have n important characteristic: they can vary over a continuous range of values.

1.3 Digital Electronics

In digital representation the quantities are represented not by proportional quantities but by symbols called digits. As an example, consider the digital watch, which provides the time of day in the form of decimal digits which represent hours and minutes (and sometimes seconds). As we know, the time of day changes continuously, but the digital watch reading does not change continuously; rather, it changes in steps of one per minute (or per second). In other words, this digital representation of the time of day changes in discrete steps, as compared with the representation of time provided by an analog watch, where the dial reading changes continuously.

Digital electronics that deals with “1s and 0s”, but that's a vast oversimplification of the in and outs of going digital. Digital electronics operates on the premise that all signals have two distinct levels. Certain voltages might be the levels near the power supply level and ground depending on the type of devices used. The logical meaning should not be mixed with the physical signal because the meaning of this signal level depends on the design of the circuit. Here are some common terms used in digital electronics:

Logical-refers to a signal or device in terms of its meaning, such as “TRUE” or “FALSE”

Physical-refers to a signal in terms of voltage or current or a device's physical characteristics

HIGH-the signal level with the greater voltage

LOW-the signal level with the lower voltage

TRUE or 1-the signal level that results from logic conditions being met

FALSE or 0-the signal level that results from logic conditions not being met

Active High-a HIGH signal indicates that a logical condition is occurring

Active Low-a LOW signal indicates that a logical condition is occurring

Truth Table-a table showing the logical operation of a device's outputs based on the device's inputs, such as the following table for an OR gate described as below

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