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摘要：本文是一篇美国留学论文。随着经济的不断发展，社会生活节奏加快，交通事业出现了显著的变化，在不同的交通工具中,公路运输是最常见的。为了实现公路运输系统的优化，交通和运输工程师一直努力提高道路交通系统的可访问性和流动性。本文通过全球范围内道路交通导致的死亡人数和意外事故，分析解决问题的办法，以减少经济损失，降低事故发生率，促进国家稳定。

Injuries and fatalities in road accident are not just problems for a society but also for an individual. Road accidents have become a serious social, health and economic problem throughout the world. Road accidents claim the lives of more than 1.2 million people and injure around 50 million annually (Commission for Global road safety make road safe report, 2007)

2.1.1 A Social and Economic Issue

Road accidents not only damages public facilities and personal properties but also result in a loss of production to a society. Victims of road accidents consume medical resources; they also bring to themselves and their families suffering and grief. Researchers have shown that road accident costs in most countries are equivalent to about 1 to 3 % of annual gross domestic products (GDP) (Ghee et al., 1997; UN ESCAP, 1999). It is certainly a financial burden to a society and deters its economic development.

2.1.2 A Public Health Issue

The world health organization (WHO) recognizes that that road traffic injuries constitute a major but neglected public health problem that has significant consequences in terms of mortality and morbidity and considerable social and economic costs, and that in the absence of urgent action this problem is expected to worsen; A lot of people treat road accidents as one kind of news always found in media print or television but seldom happen to themselves. They may regard that injuries and fatalities are the cost the public has to pay for the high level of mobility.

Rumar (2002) accounted that this misleading concept might be due to the fact that the traditional presentation approach of accident statistics did not make clear to the public. In a report published by the world health organization (WHO) in 2004, road traffic accident is ranked the ninth leading cause of mortality in the world see (Table 2.1) below. Moving up one place from number ten position that it was in 2002.

Road Crashes

A road transport system consist of: (i) the road users including drivers, children and disabled people and passengers (ii) the vehicles including bicycles and motorcycles, and (iii) the road design including road furniture, road alignments and road surfaces. If these three components alone and or their interactions with each other perform inappropriately, road traffic accidents may occur. A study carried out in 1985 by Rumar, using British and American crash reports as data, found that 57% of road traffic accidents were due solely to driver factors, 27% to combined roadway and driver factors, 6% to combined vehicle and driver factors, 3% solely to roadway factors, 3% to combined roadway, driver, and vehicle factors, 2% solely to vehicle factors and 1% to combined roadway and vehicle factors.

The attributes of road crashes can therefore be separated into three groups; road users’ behaviour which may also be referred to human factors, vehicle factors, and road factors (Charlton et al., 2002).

2.2.1 Road users’ behaviour

The same study by Rumar (1985) revealed that 93% of road accident crash involves driver error, and other human factors. The human fac本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。