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美国交通系统的发展特点和问题研究留学论文 [5]

论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:本科毕业论文 Thesis登出时间:2014-08-04编辑:felicia点击率:18525

论文字数:4390论文编号:org201408040817115545语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文

关键词:交通工具公路运输transportationroad transporteconomic and social activitiestransport system

摘要:本文是一篇美国留学论文。随着经济的不断发展,社会生活节奏加快,交通事业出现了显著的变化,在不同的交通工具中,公路运输是最常见的。为了实现公路运输系统的优化,交通和运输工程师一直努力提高道路交通系统的可访问性和流动性。本文通过全球范围内道路交通导致的死亡人数和意外事故,分析解决问题的办法,以减少经济损失,降低事故发生率,促进国家稳定。

0% (Slinn et al., 2003). The road and environmental factor was either noted as making a considerable contribution to the conditions of the crash, or did not allow room to recover. Road and environmental factors responsible for road crashes include poor design of signal-controlled intersections, sharp alignments, narrow roads and poor maintenance of pavement and shoulders, visual obstruction by road furniture, hard objects close to road and poor lighting system, higher speed limits or no speed limits, mix of vehicles and pedestrians, and lack of enforcement. All of these are essential matters as they can influence the cause of human errors and worsen the consequences.


It is worth to note that the three contributing factors to traffic accidents listed above are not evenly distributed. Taking an example from the accident records in Ghana, over 60% of traffic accidents were contributed by human error in the year 2008 whilst human error combined with external errors and vehicle errors took the remaining 40% (National Road Safety Commission, Ghana, 2007). The direct causes of accidents are the same in Nigeria and Ghana as anywhere in the world, the strong physical forces of motorized traffic are not satisfactorily controlled. Thus the high road accident rates are based on the poorly controlled forces of motorized traffic.


Human behaviour is governed not only by the individual’s understanding and skills, but also by the environment in which the actions takes place. Indirect influences, such as the nature of the vehicle, the design and layout of the road, and traffic laws and their enforcement affect behaviour in important ways. For this reason, the use of information and publicity on their own is generally unsuccessful in reducing road traffic collisions (Assum, 1998).


This implies that human errors are not always or necessarily the cause of accidents though they may trigger it (Rumar, 1985). Putting all the blame on human errors or road user behaviour will hide the design challenges inherent in the cause of the accident and thus another similar crash may occur in the future. Poor pavement construction can lead to safety issues. If too much asphalt or bituminous binder is used in asphalt concrete, the binder can bleed to the surface, leaving a very smooth surface that provides little traction when wet. 


Certain kinds of stone aggregate become very smooth under the constant wearing action of vehicle tires, again leading to little traction when wet. Either of these problems can increase wet-weather road crashes by increasing the braking distances or contributing to loss of control of the vehicle. If the pavement is insufficiently sloped or poorly drained, standing water on the surface can also lead to wet-weather road crashes. However, all this accident that may result from the scenario listed above may not happen if the driver does not drive at a high speed. Therefore, engineering and designing a safer transportation system requires examining all the components namely driver factors, vehicle factors and road design factors that will lead to driver errors which results to road crash. A strategic approach or initiative to integrate all this components to cope with human errors is necessary.


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