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美国交通系统的发展特点和问题研究留学论文 [6]

论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:本科毕业论文 Thesis登出时间:2014-08-04编辑:felicia点击率:18522

论文字数:4390论文编号:org201408040817115545语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文

关键词:交通工具公路运输transportationroad transporteconomic and social activitiestransport system

摘要:本文是一篇美国留学论文。随着经济的不断发展,社会生活节奏加快,交通事业出现了显著的变化,在不同的交通工具中,公路运输是最常见的。为了实现公路运输系统的优化,交通和运输工程师一直努力提高道路交通系统的可访问性和流动性。本文通过全球范围内道路交通导致的死亡人数和意外事故,分析解决问题的办法,以减少经济损失,降低事故发生率,促进国家稳定。

Tolerance of the human body

The human body is an incredibly complex and fragile structure competent of protecting itself against many things. However, it is not made to deal with the enormous forces of impact created in a road crash and likely to suffer severe damage if not death. The energy of a crash is related to the square of the velocity, so small increases in speed produce major increases in the risk of injury (Peden et. al, 2004). From Newton’s second law of motion and the law of kinetic energy which states that:

Force = mass x acceleration

Energy = ∫ f. dx = ½ mv2


This implies that small increases in speed enhance the force produced and hence, energy is increased hereby producing major increases in the risk of injury.


The human tolerance to injury of a pedestrian hit by even the best-designed car will be exceeded if the vehicle is travelling at over 30km/h (Tingvall, C. and Haworth, N., 1999). Studies show that pedestrians have a 90% chance of surviving a car crash at 30km/h or below, but less than a 50% chance of surviving an impact at 45 km/h (Pasanen, E., 1991). Research shows that the probability of a pedestrian being killed rises by a factor of 8 as the impact speed of the car rises from 30km/h to 50km/h (Ashton, S.J., Mackay, G.M., 1983). The best-designed vehicle on the road today provides crash protection currently up to 70km/h for car occupants wearing seat belts in frontal impacts and 50 km/h in side impacts (Tingvall, C. and Haworth, N., 1999). The table below shows the estimated road crash impact speeds based on the safest vehicles, where the forces are likely to exceed the tolerance of the human body or those road crashes that are likely to result in death or serious injury.


2.4 Knowledge of counter measures

With the exception of accidents particular to Nigeria, Ghana and most developing countries, there is a vast amount of knowledge on how to improve road safety, on the road accidents countermeasures. The National Road Safety Commission of Ghana 2007 annual report details some of such countermeasures. The UK Government’s road safety strategy titled: Tomorrow’s roads – safer for everyone (the strategy) published in March 2000 laid down a framework for delivering more improvements in road, this strategy contained more than 150 measures across ten key themes. The Norwegian Road Safety Handbook (Elvik, Mysen and Vaa, 2004) also lists more than 100 countermeasures pertaining to roads, the vehicles and the road user. Rumar (2002) suggested three basic variables that describe the road safety problem and established that the number of deaths and injuries could be represented as the product of exposure to road traffic (E), accident risk (A/E) and injury risk (I/A).

I = E x A/E x I/A

Where A denotes number of accidents.


One important countermeasure variable is the exposure (E) to road traffic. Studies have shown that there is a strong correlation between car crash and vehicle ownership. Exposure to road traffic is probably the dimension with the greatest potential to influence safety both from a volume point of view and from a time point of view. The fact that economic downturn论文英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写英语论文代写代写论文代写英语论文代写留学生论文代写英文论文留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。

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