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However,  most  of  these expressions are no longer in use. Craddick and Miller (1970) analyzed the identification of  the  concept  of  “self”  related  with  animal  metaphors.  Low  (1988)  and  Newmark (1988)  paid  attention  to  the  derogatory  aspects  of  animal  metaphors.  They  thought animal metaphors can describe most negative attributes of human beings to some extent. O’Donnell (1990) investigated the productive rhetorical meanings of animal metaphors in different languages. Ahrens and Say (1999) did a detailed study of animal metaphors to prove that animal metaphors can map different information from the source onto the target domain. Hsieh (2001) pointed out that animal metaphors can reflect how we treat individuals  and  human  relations,  and  how  we  tell  and  evaluate  the  society’s  demands upon us by comparing the animal expressions in Mandarin Chinese and German on the basis  of  conceptual  metaphor  theories.  In  2004,  he  further  proposed  that  animal expressions can show our values. 
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Chapter Two Theoretical Framework  

This study on animal metaphor is from the perspective of cognition and culture. It is  done  in  the  field  of  conceptual  metaphor  theory.  From  Aristotle  to  now,  there  are many  theories  about  metaphor  both  at  home  and  abroad.  This  thesis  uses  Conceptual Metaphor  Theory  as  its  theoretical  framework.  In  this  part,  the  author  explains  the working mechanism of animal metaphor.   

2.1 The Conceptual Metaphor Theory 

There are many theories related with metaphor, the Conceptual Metaphor Theory put forward by Lakoff and Johnson draws the most attention. In the eyes of Lakoff and Johnson,  human  conceptual  system  is  metaphorically  structured  and  defined.  They  do not  think  that  metaphors  are  mere  rhetorical  ornaments.  Conceptual  metaphor  is  a system of metaphor which lies behind our daily language and conceptual system. They also  point  out  that  metaphor  is  a  cross-domain  mapping  between  source  domain  and target domain in the conceptual system. Scholars regard Lakoff and Johnson’s theory as the  landmark  in  the  history  of  metaphor  study.  In  Metaphors  We  Live  By  Lakoff  and Johnson stated that “Metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought  and  action.  Our  ordinary  conceptual  system,  in  terms  of  which  we  both  think and  act,  is  fundamentally  metaphorical  in  nature”(3).  They  use  the  metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR as an example.  There  are  different  classifications  of  concep本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。