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tereotype the black patrons as bad tippers and give them bad service. And becausethe black servers are faced with discrimination and earn fewer tips, they often chooseto stay behind the kitchen, like being a chef instead of being a waiter. From this typeof materials, we can see that these scholars just discover the existence of the tippingpractice is discrimination to colored people and female service workers. However,they neglect that when they receive the tips, the tips become an effective tool for themto confront the discrimination. Like the tips to colored people, when the coloredpeople become customers and give tips to white service workers, tips then become thetool to resist racism.
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Chapter One Tipping as a Way to Resist Poverty

Although the existence of tips results in the poverty of some tip-receivers, it isalso a medium for them to change the bad situation and they can also find it is funnyin the process of earning tips and control their own labor, so that it is a goodresistance to poverty.

1.1 Poverty in Black Tipped Workers
The subminimum wage is established when FLSA introduce it to service workerswho receive tips. The subminimum wage can exist because the existence of tip credit.When tip credit is added to sub-wage, then the earnings of tipped workers can reachthe minimum wage. The existence of tip credit is put forward and supported byemployers. Briefly, the tip credit, which is paid by the consumers’ tips, is thedifference between the minimum wage and the sub-wage given by employers. Andthe existence of tip credit totally changes the practice of tipping. Once, many peoplethink a tip is gratitude to the service workers from consumers, so a tip is also regardedas gratuity, which is a subsidy to the tipped workers from consumers. In other words,part of wage bill, which should be paid by the employers, is actually paid byconsumers through their tips. Until today, the so-called two-tiered wage system stillexists, and the scope of the subsidy from consumers to tipped workers in restaurantsand other places like this is larger than before. Although now, the federal level of tipcredit is $5.12, the employers of tipped service workers still only pay $2.13 to thetipped workers. The $2.13 is the so-called tipped minimum wage and also namedsub-minimum wage. And the stipulated federal minimum wage is $7.25. And thetipped minimum wage is fixed at $2.13 for many years. According to some scholars,the median wage of a restaurant worker is $9.02. However, $10.75 can meet the needsfor a family of four. If the wage is under $10.75, they will be put into poverty. Then$10.75 can be called poverty wage. Indeed, many a people, those who earn the tippedminimum wage are concentrated in the restaurants. Almost half of all the workers’earning is below the federal minimum wage and they are from the restaurants. Fewpeople know the existence of tipped minimum wage. In the consumers’ mind, theservice workers earn a lot because, excluding the wages, they also give them lots oftips. They think the tips can supplement the low wages of tipped workers. In fact, thetips just compensate for the low wages, not supplement. The existence ofsubminimum wage makes the employers can just pay $2.13 to service workers whoreceive tips, as long as the employers can balance the difference between $2.13 and$7.25. What’s worse, many employers never balance the difference. Namely, manytipped workers earn les