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s than $7.25. That’s why many restaurant workers can just earnthe minimum wage below the federal level. In addition, in many occasions, the tips oftipped workers are shared with other non-tipped workers according to the orders ofthe employers. These non-tipped workers include managers, cooks, and so on.Sometimes, their tips will be used to offset other illegal fees. In many restaurants, theemployers will replace tips with service charges, so the tips will be confiscated by theemployers. (Sylvia and David 3) Thus, the tipped workers are poor. And the conditionof black tipped workers is worse, because the tips they receive are smaller. It is easierfor them to be put into poverty.
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1.2 Navigating Tipping to Resist Poverty
To some degree, because of the existence of sub-minimum wage, the tippedworkers, including black tipped workers are put into poverty. Therefore, in order tochange the situation, many people and some organizations begin to change the wagelaws to increase the wages of tipped workers, which can help the tipped workersshake off poverty. Excluding sub-minimum wage, the tipping practice itself also putthe black tipped workers into poverty directly. The black tipped workers in thePullman sleeping car is the typical example. By the tips they get from the passengers,they become the black middle class which is a perfect resistance to poverty.Although the nationwide action to protect the tipped workers does not happen,many states have take action. If the state wage laws are different with federal ones, theemployers in the states should comply with the higher ones. Until today, there are seven states having eliminated tipped minimum wages for tipped workers. Theyrequire that tips should be paid with the regular minimum wage together. Twenty-sixstates have passed subminimum wages that are higher than $2.13. In 18 states, mainlyin the South, tipped workers are still subject to the federal subminimum wage. In 2012,Maine voted to eliminate its subminimum wage which means that if the law takeseffect, all the workers, especially the tipped workers, will receive the same wage fromthe employers. The employers have no chance to reduce the tipped workers’ wagesand they can even earn more incomes than those who do not receive tips.
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Chapter Two Tipping as a Way to Resist Sexism....... 24
2.1 Sexism in Black Tipped Workers....24
2.1.1 Sexual Harassment........24
2.1.2 Lower Income for Black Tipped Workers....... 26
2.2 Navigating Tipping to Resist Sexism.....29
2.2.1 Using Tips to Show Better Make-up Skills.....29
2.2.2 Using Tips to Show Better Interpersonal Skills......30
2.2.3 Ending Tipped Minimum Wage to Resist Gender Discrimination.....32
Chapter Three Tipping as a Way to Resist Racism.....37
3.1 Racism in Black Tipped Workers....37
3.1.1 Fewer Tips.......37
3.1.2 Insulted as Slaves..........38
3.2 Navigating Tipping to Resist Racism.... 40

Chapter Three Tipping as a Way to Resist Racism

Although black tipped workers are insulted by the white customers through tips,it cannot be denied that tipping is also a useful way to resist discrimination towardsthem. A coin has two sides. Although tips can be insult to black people, they are alsothe medium for some white customers to apologize for their improper behaviors andto build good relationship.

3.1