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ispaper will help people have a better understanding of metaphor.
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Chapter TwoLITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter will first review the previous studies on metaphor both abroad and athome and then the previous studies on sports news.

2.1 Previous Studies on Metaphor
The earliest study of metaphor can be traced back toAristotle, who defined it as akind of rhetorical. In the work ofAristotle, Rhetoric and Poetics, metaphor is analyzedfrom many aspects in details including definition, working system and main functionsof metaphor. One of Aristotle’s remarks on metaphor was frequently quoted is thedefinition presented in Poetics: “Metaphor consists in giving the thing a name thatbelongs to something else; the transference being either from genus to species, or fromspecies to genus, or from species to species, or on grounds of analogy” (Ricoeur Paul,1977).Aristotle divides metaphor mechanism into four types: (1) The type of genus tospecies, which means using subordinate to substitute hyponym. (2) The type of speciesto genus, which means using hyponymto substitute subordinate. (3)Thetype ofspeciesto species, which means the use in a term of a different class. (4) The type according totheanalogousorproportionally.Aristotleregardsmetaphoras“themovement[epiphora]of an alien [allotrios] word from either genus to species or from species to genus orfrom species to species or by analogy” (Aristotle 2007: 291).In the first century A.D., ancient Roman rhetorician Quintillian has made asummary ofAristotle’s thoughts. “Quintillian put forward the Theory of Substitution oflanguage metaphor, he considered metaphor as a rhetorical phenomenon to substituteonewordwithanother”(ShuDingfang2000:3).TheTheoryofSubstitutionemphasizesthe Substitutability between source domain and target domain, which means one wordcan perfect substitute another, and these two words always belong to the same domain.
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2.2 Previous Studies on Sports News
As people’s living standard improved, physical exercise gradually becomes anindispensable part of people’s life, and watching sports programs and listening to thesports news become the main way that people spare their life outside their work.Nowadays, sports news not simply broadcast match scores or result, its style and textstructure are catching more attention.Compared with other news styles, such as political news and economic news,sports news does not catch much attention of scholars. Only a few scholars focus onthisfiled,CrystalandDavy(1969)analyze“theLanguageofUnscriptedCommentary”,for cricket. Ferguson (1983) studies the language of American baseball. Their studiesare only related to spoken commentaries broadcasted on the radio. More recently,Ghadessy (1988) analyzes written sports commentary. Tuggle (1997) examines theamount of coverage given to women’s athletes by two sports television Programs in theUnited States. Witosky (1999) discusses whether sports reporters should probe deeperinto the private lives of sports personalities and Pollack (2003) relates the history ofsports in the U.S.Domestic scholars study sports news from multiple aspects. Some of them focuson the characteristic of sports news, for example, Li Sha (2003) makes a tentativediscussion on the characteristics of sports news. Song Yuxiang (2006) studies thestylistic features of English sports news and Wang Lili (2007) analyzes their lexicalcharacteristics. A few