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on you know
From the perspective of pragmatics, Schiffrin (1987) makes a qualitative andquantitative research on eleven discourse markers commonly used in daily life,including y’know/you know. She indicates that y’know/you know is a marker whichshows the transformation of the information state for both speakers during the processof daily conversation. It is also a meta-knowledge indicator that both speaker andlistener share in their mutual knowledge and common sense.Jucker and Smith (1998) conclude that discourse marker you know have fivefunctions: interpersonal, turn management, repair, monitoring and organization, whichcan help us clearly understand you know’s basic meaning. They analyze discoursemarker you know and reveal that you know is a declarative marker which shows thatthe listener is the center of the conversation. It also enables the listener to accept whathe/she hears as a proposition that has been acknowledged or adopted.Fox Tree and Schrock (2002) have made a discussion about the basis meaningsof discourse markers you know and I mean. They point out that the apparentmultifunctionality of discourse marker you know can arise out of you know’s basicmeaning. In Fox Tree and Schrock’s opinion, discourse marker you know is used bythe speakers to motivate the hearers to fill out their inferences. However, as speakershave prepared most inferences ahead of time, there is less need for the speakers to saydiscourse marker you know. As for the quantity of you know used by the speakers,they explain that small doses of you know may be nondetrimental and even helpful tothe speakers and hearers while overuse of it can be detrimental to the comprehensionand be regarded as annoying “speech habit”.Fuller (2003) examines the use of discourse markers such as you know, well, andI mean in two different speech contexts: normal conversations and interviews. Bycomparing different markers in different context, Fuller shows that the use of well andoh is relatively infrequent among the interviewees, while you know, I mean, yeah areused more frequently by the interviewees because these presentation markers aremore universal.Yang (1989) makes a research on the pragmatic functions of discourse markeryou know, and divides its functions into four parts: mood softening, moodstrengthening, vagueness clarifying and reflection showing.
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2.2 Studies on the Default Semantics
At home, researchers such as Zhang Shaojie, Zhuang Quan, Zhang Yanfei, JiangTao, Chen Bingfei have made further studies on the Default Semantics which enrichand develop the post-Gricean theories, especially the part about the Default Semantics.Zhang and Li (2006) indicate that there indeed exists a concise default path aboutpeople’s cognition, to some extent, which explains the essence of language cognition.As some conversational phenomena cause the problem of ambiguity, the DefaultSemantics provides a new model of explaining and reduces ambiguity. Zhang and Li(2006) make some evaluations about the default theories as well. Firstly, as there areno supports from empirical studies, default theories are less persuasive than thosetheories with plenty of empirical studies. Secondly, there are some problems in theclassification of the theories because no clear and agreed criterion for classifyingdefault meaning such as cognitive default, social default and cultural default arepresented. Thirdly, the application range of the default theories is limited.