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The economic drivers of cultural chaos arise from two evolutionary trends in thecapitalist mode of production. The first, discussed in Chapter 2, is towards greater
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productivity within the capitalist system as a whole, notwithstanding the persistenceof social relations of exploitation within the production process, andthe unequaldistribution of wealth both within the nation-state and internationally. Thistrend challenges a key premise of the control paradigm - that ideological controlthrough the inducement of false consciousness in the minds of the masses, asopposed to their informed consent, is required to explain the reproduction ofcapitalism over time.Second, and the subject of this chapter, is the evolution of news and otherjournalistic forms as cultural commodities, to the point at which producers havean economic incentive to 'surprise and disrupt' elites, as Luhmann puts it, by beingthe first to report stories such as Abu Ghraib (or the shooting by US troops ofunarmed prisoners in Falluja in November 2004, covered on the front page of newspapersall over the world) quickly, and with as much objectivity as they can manage.
The perverse logic of cultural capitalism
Chapter 2 argued that capitalism's economic success can be reconciled with a
materialist theoretical framework if it is accepted that capitalism contains the seeds
not, as Marx and Engels believed, of its own destruction, but (in conditions of mass
democracy, and in the era of mass media) of its auto-reform and progressive
humanisation; its self-correction and improvement, as measured by standardeconomic and quality of life indicators. Just as the mechanism of self-destructionof capitalism, for Marx, was the blind application of the profit motive and themerciless extraction of surplus-value from the worker, so the mechanism of selfimprovementand self-correction is also the profit motive, aRd in particular theneed to sell cultural commodities. In contemporary conditions, these commodities
have to succeed (sell) in a competitive market of relatively empowered, relativelyknowledgeable citizen-consumers, who are in a position to exercise choice and whodo not respond well to being patronised.
Critical media sociology is most passionate when condemning the evils of commercialisationand the commodification of journalism. Herman and McChesneysenousty damaged leading journalistic organisations.18 In January 2005 NBC'snetwork news management dismissed several journalistic and editorial staff for theirrole in the transmission of an election news story alleging thatPresident Bush hadfalsified his military service record. In 2004 the BBC was criticised by the HuttonInquiry for its sloppy editorial management of the Andrew Gilligan/WMD~tOr:.19Whatever their place on the political or ideological spectrum, news organ-
IsatlOns must be seen to be objective if they are to compete in the informationmarketplace. All serious players in the news business, regardless of proprietorialbia.s, have no choice but to be seen to be making at least an effort. When they fail,as In the case of the NYT and the New RepubLic, or NBC, the failures themselvesbecome major news stories with potentially damaging commercial implications.
Even Fox News in the United States, universally recognised as the most overtlybiased of US real-time news out本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。