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lective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of one human group from those of another. Culture in this sense is a system of collectively held values.” (Hofstede, 1981). In distinguishing the so called different collective programming of different groups of peoples, Hofstede (1980) also emphasizes that cultural differences are primarily encountered as differences in shared values, with values being defined as ‘‘broad tendencies to prefer certain states of affairs over others.'' Whilst organizational culture can be defined as “Organizational Culture is the deeper level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are shared by members of an organization that operate unconsciously and define in a basic ‘taken for granted' fashion an organization's view of its self and its environment.” - (Schein 1998). Another scholar, Miroshnik (2002), defines culture as the way of life of the group of people, which includes beliefs, art, law, morals, customs, and any capabilities and habits acquired by a man as a member of society, and enables people to communicate with others, provides the knowledge and skill necessary, and anticipates how others in society are likely to respond for the actions.

 

In now a day, only the minority successful businesses work peoples from a single culture. At one-dimension, most businesses, even though based in a single, employ people from at a minimum of 2 different cultural backgrounds. At another dimension, due to cost discrepancy between regions and the concept of the global village , many companies will outsource parts of their business to outsourcing partners. Because of this, it becomes a necessity for leaders in the 21st century to adept a more effective style that can manage people across cultures. They need to identify the essence of an individual culture swiftly, since culture is significant in molding customer or employee behavior. Leaders must learn to shape culture in their own organizations to align with the direction and target of the organization. Fail to do these may cause to fail to induce the best effort from individuals, i.e. the followers and will not be able to squeeze the strengths that different cultures present. Miroshnik (2002b) also emphasizes that how to evaluate social culture and organizational culture of a single country is an important issue and in which he presents the unique concerns of managing a multinational corporation, especially the challenges of effectively managing both national and corporate culture. In other hand, culture is also viewed as the collective encoding of the mind which differentiate the members of one human group from another and the collective, common characteristics that influence a group to interact with the surroundings, However, in fact it is very true that culture operates at different levels, at one level, all individuals are shaped by their own ethnic, racial or even religious and national backgrounds i.e. the national culture. At another one, they are influenced by the principles, ideals values and experience of their organization i.e. the organizational culture, therefore culture issue is multipart and comprehensive. However, if the existing of any forms of organizations are to achieve some purposes or aims, then this inspiration should be universally apply to all peoples in different cultures, then so as to the idea of leadership, is it applicable本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。