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conducted on Canadian expatriates working or living in Africa. The study showed that expatriates who experienced intense culture shock are most likely to adapt effectively and adjust into the new culture easily. Thus Culture Shock should be seen as positive experience not negative.

文化冲击的不同理论——Different Theories on Culture Shock

Oberg was the first one to develop a model of adaptation that suggests that going abroad or working interntionally put individuals through a cycle of distinct phase on a way to final adaptation. The model has four stages in which expatriate goes through. The first stage is honeymoon stage. In this stage telecommunication expatriate is very excited about moving into different country. The expatriate viewed his new life as providing endless opportunities the expatriate is usually in the state of exhilaration. This is followed by crisis-phase, culture shock set in-In this stage expatriate realize that something not quite right. Expatriate feels frustrated, anxious and angry. In this stage expatriate realizes the problems and starts to cope with the new culture. This is followed by recovery stage. This third phase of recovery usually starts accepting that he/she has a problem and start to find ways to deal with the problems. Finally expatriate reached into Adjustment stage, in this stage anxiety and frustration vanishes and is replaced by confidence and acceptance of host values, the expatriate is able to work effectively and accept the culture and behaviors of host society are accepted. (Marx, 1999). Other Academic professors also came up with a model which was very similar to Oberg's model but with a different terms. For example Adler 1975 (Cited in Pedersen, 1999 pg. 4), came up with a model which divided the process of adaptation into five stages: contact, disintegration, reintegration, autonomy and independence. Furthermore, Richard 1974 (Cited in Pedersen, 1999 pg. 4), came up with a model which named the four stages as: elation, depression, recovery and acculturation. Even though the model developed by Richard and Adler vary little bit compared to Oberg model but the general linear process of culture remains relatively constant. However Marx criticizes the model developed by Oberg, Richard and alder. She states that it is not necessary that not every individual will go through the same process according to Oberg's models. She also states it is more realistic to use a model of culture shock that does not strictly linear but integrates a dynamic and repetitive cycle of positive and negative phases until you break through culture shock' (Marx, 1999 pg. 10).

However, one of the popular models on adjustment is U-Curve. It was initiated by Lysggard (1955) as (cited in Thomas 1947, page 221) The U-curve is very similar to Oberg's fours stages of transition. According to (Lysggard , 1955) expatriate progress at regular interval through three phases of honeymoon, culture shock, and finally adjustment. In the Honeymoon stage, expatriate is excited about moving into new culture; new environment intrigues the expatriate in much the same way as if the expatriate was tourist. This is followed by Culture Shock stage, in this stage expatriate is frustrated and confused because the new environment is not providing familiar cues and finally reaching to Adjustment Stage, in this stage expatriate start to understand the new culture, learn the way to