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1. In no more than 300 words, explain: Why are most of the U.S. dollars held outside of the United States?
Most of the U.S. dollars held outside of the United States is due to the international monetary system and monetary function. After World War II, Bretton Woods Monetary System which takes the U.S. dollar as the center has formed. Its basic content is that the U.S. dollar is linked to gold and other country's currency is linked to U.S. dollar, implementing a fixed exchange rate system. Although Bretton Woods Monetary System collapsed in the last century, Ó¢¹ú½ðÈÚÀà×÷Òµ¶¨ÖÆthe status of the U.S. dollar as the global currency has not been changed, all countries still mainly use the U.S. dollar as the main currency of foreign trade settlement. The U.S. dollar as world currency which is necessary to fulfill the functions of money, in this study, it mainly discusses where money is mainly discuss money as the means of hoard and exchange means.
2. Corporations receive funds when their stock is sold in the primary market. Why do corporations pay attention to what is happening to their stock in the secondary market?
3. If the interest rate is 7%, what is the present value of a security that pays you €1, 100 next year, €1, 200 two years from now, and so on for ten years (€100 increases each year)? If this security sold for €10, 500, is the yield to maturity greater or less than 7%?  Why? 
4. Use demand and supply analysis in the market for bonds to explain why an expectation of Central Bank official rate hikes would cause bond prices to fall.
5. In no more than 300 words, explain the similarities and differences between the European System of Central Banks and the Federal Reserve System.
6. In no more than 200 words, explain how changes in the Bank of England¡¯s official rate affect inflation through changes in import prices.
7. In no more than 300 words, explain what are the main differences between Keynes and Friedman¡¯s theories of the demand for money?
8. Give the quantitative and graphical impact of an increase in autonomous consumption expenditure from 20 to 25 (the marginal propensity to consume is 0.5).
9. Explain and demonstrate graphically the effects of an increase in oil prices in both the short-run and long-run. 

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